Gonder[130] (1913) has performed some interesting experiments showing the relation of infantile kala-azar to Oriental sore. Gonder infected mice with _L. infantum_ and with _L. tropica_. He used culture material and injected intraperitoneally or intravenously. In each a general infection resulted, with enlargement of the liver and spleen. Later, however, mice injected with Oriental sore (North African variety) developed peripheral lesions on the feet, tail and head, and the lesions contained _Leishmania_. No such peripheral lesions developed in the case of the mice infected with the kala-azar virus. Gonder suggested that Oriental sore, like kala-azar, is really a general infection overlooked in its earlier stages, and that it is in the later stages that peripheral lesions on the skin are developed. Row (1914)[131] also obtained a general infection in a mouse by the injection of cultures of _L. tropica_ from Oriental sore of Cambay. [130] _Arch. f. Schiffs- u. Trop. Hyg._, xvii, p. 397. [131] _Bull. Soc. Path. Exot._, vii, p. 272. *Leishmania infantum*, Nicolle, 1908.[132] Infantile splenic anæmia has been long known in Italy. It also occurs in Algeria, Tunis, Tripoli, Syria, Greece, Turkey, Crete, Sicily, Malta,[133] Spain and Portugal. This leishmaniasis is, then, distributed along the Mediterranean littoral; also in Russia. Cathoire (1904) in Tunis and Pianese (1905) in Italy were among the first to see the parasite. Nicolle then found the parasite in patients in Tunis, and further found spontaneous infection in dogs. The patients are usually children between the ages of 2 and 5 years. There are a few cases known in which the infantile type of leishmaniasis occurred in youths and adults of the ages of 17 to 19, while one patient in Calabria was 38 years old. The symptoms are like those of Indian kala-azar. Several Italian investigators and others consider that _L. infantum_ is the same as _L. donovani_, and that the latter name should be used for the parasite of Mediterranean leishmaniasis. This view, as to the identity of _L. donovani_ and _L. infantum_, seems coming into general favour. [132] _Arch. Inst. Pasteur Tunis_, i, p. 26. [133] _See_ Wenyon (1914), _Trans. Soc. Trop. Med. and Hyg._, vii, p. 97; also Critien (1911), _Annals Trop. Med. and Parasitol._, v, p. 37.