It may be interesting to record the number of dogs found to be infected naturally with leishmaniasis in various countries. In Tunis, Nicolle and Yakimoff found about 2 per cent. infected out of about 500 dogs examined. Sergent in Algiers found 9 infected out of 125 dogs examined. In Italy and Sicily, Basile found about 40 per cent. of the dogs to be infected out of 93 examined at Rome and Bordonaro. Cardamitis found 15 infected out of 184 examined in Athens. In Malta, Critien found 3 infected out of 30 dogs examined. Alvares found 1 infected dog out of 19 examined in Lisbon. Pringault has recently (December, 1913) found an infected dog in Marseilles.[134] Yakimoff and Schokhor found 24 per cent. infected out of 647 dogs examined in Turkestan. [134] _Bull. Soc. Path. Exot._, vii, p. 41. The distribution of the parasites in the body of the human patient is much the same as in the case of Indian kala-azar. Critien records the finding of parasites in the mucous flakes of the stools of a three-year-old Maltese child.[135] Intestinal lesions rarely occur in infantile leishmaniasis. [135] Quoted by Leishman (1911) in his interesting review of Leishmaniasis, _Journ. Roy. Army Med. Corps_, xvii, p. 567, xviii, pp. 1, 125. Also _Quart. Journ. Med._ v, pp. 109–152. _Ætiology._--Infantile leishmaniasis is stated to be transmitted by fleas, especially dog fleas, _Ctenocephalus canis_ (= _Pulex serraticeps_), and by _Pulex irritans_. Children living in contact with infected dogs may be bitten by infected dog fleas, and so contract the disease. Basile (1910–11) and Sangiorgi (1910) state that they found _L. infantum_ parasites in the digestive tract of the dog flea. After searching they found infected dog fleas on the beds, mattresses, and pillows used by children suffering from the disease. Franchini (1912) thinks that _Anopheles maculipennis_ may be concerned in the transmission. Basile[136] tried a number of experiments to show that infantile leishmaniasis is transmitted by fleas, thus:-- [136] Numerous papers in _Rendiconti R. Accad. dei Lincei_ (Rome), xix, xx (1910–11). (1) Fleas were taken from a healthy dog. They were placed in vessels containing infected spleen-pulp and allowed to feed thereon. The fleas were then killed and dissected, and portions of the gut-contents examined for parasites. The remainder of the gut was emulsified and injected into a young puppy, whose bone-marrow had been shown previously to be uninfected. Basile states that the puppy became infected. The parasites are said to increase in number in the flea’s gut.