"Whoever has now gained from all these expositions a knowledge _in abstracto_, and therefore clear and certain, of what everyone knows directly _in concreto_, _i. e._, as feeling, a knowledge that his will is the real inner nature of his phenomenal being, . . . and that his will is that which is most immediate in his consciousness, . . . will find that of itself it affords him the key to the knowledge of the inmost being of the whole of nature; for he now transfers it to all those phenomena which are not given to him, like his own phenomenal existence, both in direct and indirect knowledge, but only in the latter, thus merely one-sidedly as _idea_ alone."[287:16] The heart of reality is thus known by an "intuitive interpretation," which begins at home in the individual's own heart. [Sidenote: Panpsychism.] § 136. The panpsychist follows the same course of reflection. There is an outwardness and an inwardness of nature, corresponding to the knower's body on the one hand, and his feeling or will on the other. With this principle in hand one may pass down the whole scale of being and discover no breach of continuity. Such an interpretation of nature has been well set forth by a contemporary writer, who quotes the following from the botanist, C. v. Naegeli: "Sensation is clearly connected with the reflex actions of higher animals. We are obliged to concede it to the other animals also, and we have no grounds for denying it to plants and inorganic bodies. The sensation arouses in us a condition of comfort and discomfort. In general, the feeling of pleasure arises when the natural impulses are satisfied, the feeling of pain when they are not satisfied. Since all material processes are composed of movements of molecules and elementary atoms, pleasure and pain must have their seat in these particles. . . . Thus the same mental thread runs through all material phenomena. The human mind is nothing but the highest development on our earth of the mental processes which universally animate and move nature."[288:17] According to panpsychism, then, physical nature is the manifestation of an _appetency or bare consciousness generalized from the thinker's awareness of his most intimate self_. Such appetency or bare consciousness is the essential or substantial state of that which appears as physical nature. [Sidenote: The Inherent Difficulty in Spiritualism. No Provision for Objective Knowledge.]