of glass, and of gilt wood, as we have said, it seems to have offended the Republican notions of the Romans, and this upper part was entirely destroyed, or this may have happened from an accidental fire; but as the substructures were of tufa they were everlasting, as Pliny says, and they still remain as the principal foundations of the Colosseum, with brick walls and galleries erected upon them in the time of Nero, and the whole enclosed by the magnificent stone front and double corridors of the Flavian Emperors. ALPHABETICAL INDEX. THE COLOSSEUM. Actors, space required for, under the stage, 47. Alexander Severus, Piscina of, 5; walls of, 6. Amphitheatres a Roman invention (?), 4; —of Nero not in Campus Martius, 56, 58; —represented on coins, 21; —described as perfect by Ammianus Marcellinus, A.D. 357, 26; —restored by Lampadius, A.D. 445, 27; —again by Venantius Basilius, A.D. 508, _ib._; —used for shows of wild beasts by Theodoric, A.D. 519, _ib._; —again used in 523, the last occasion mentioned, _ib._; —again damaged by earthquake, A.D. 1703, 30; —consecrated as a church, A.D. 1724, _ib._; —north-western side nearly perfect, _ib._; —Arch of lower storey restored by Gordianus, A.D. 220-238, 31. — at Arles, 46. — at Bordeaux, 46. — at Capua, 40, 41. — at Nismes, 46. — at Pompeii, 63. — at Pozzuoli, 42, 65. — of Scaurus, on this spot, 56. — at Verona, 43, 65. Animals brought from vivaria in cages, called _pegmata_, 15. Apollodorus told Hadrian he _ought to have_ provided space for the machinery, 34. Apuleius mentions _pegmata_ in amphitheatre, 49. Arch of tufa shaken by an earthquake, supported by brick wall of Nero, 14. Arena, for the gymnasium, 1; —of wood covered with sand, and full of trap-doors, 7, 11; —no open space under the, 21; —criminals torn to pieces upon it, 52. Arles, Amphitheatre at, 46; no substructures visible, _ib._ Augustus intended to build an amphitheatre here, but did not, 15. Awning of Nero mentioned by Pliny, 23; contrivances for supporting it, _ib._; at Pompeii, shewn in a fresco, 24; an intermediate passage for sailors to manage awning, 47; cords for it, strong enough to carry an elephant, called _catadromus_, 48. Battles of sailors with swords, not with boats, 47. Benedict XIII. consecrated area of amphitheatre as a church, A.D. 1728, 30. Benedict XIV. erects cross and stations in amphitheatre, A.D. 1749, 30. Boards removed from arena placed on corbels provided for them, 34. Bordeaux, Amphitheatre at, 47; Remains called the _Arènes_, it had a boarded floor, _ib._ Brickwork of Nero here, 6.