q. Brick arch of Nero, under an arch of tufa. r. Segment of another brick arch of Nero, abutting against the centre of the tufa arch to support it, like an arch-buttress or flying-buttress of the Middle Ages. (For the Phototype of this arch, see Plate IX.) s. Socket for a pivot to work in. THE COLOSSEUM. PLATE XVI. SUBSTRUCTURES EXCAVATED IN 1875, WITH PROBABLE RESTORATIONS OF THE LIFTS OR PEGMATA. [Illustration: THE COLOSSEUM—SUBSTRUCTURES IN 1875 WITH PROBABLE RESTORATION OF THE LIFTS OR PEGMATA] DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XVI. SUBSTRUCTURES EXCAVATED IN 1875, WITH PROBABLE RESTORATIONS OF THE LIFTS OR PEGMATA. The object of this plate is to make more clear to the eye what has previously been explained. An animal is represented first as coming out of the den behind the tufa wall into the cage, with the empty socket behind, as they actually remain, and a capstan with the cord is placed in the socket on the opposite side of the cage. The second is half-way up, to shew the action of the cords, which seems the only mode of explaining the things found. In the third the animal is leaping out on to the stage or arena, as described by Herodian. In front of the _podium_ a piece of trellice-work is shewn in its place, taken from a graffito found on the spot. THE COLOSSEUM. PLATE XVII. VIEW IN THE SUBSTRUCTURES. [Illustration: VIEW IN THE SUBSTRUCTURES.] DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XVII. VIEW IN THE SUBSTRUCTURES. E. The Consoles, for placing the boards of the arena upon when not in use. F. F. The Podium. X. The level of the arena. a a a. Doorways to small chambers, to descend to feed the wild beasts in their dens. b b b. The dens for the wild beasts. c c c. Blocks of travertine to support the foot of the masts. d d d. Aperture at the foot of the small chambers, for feeding the wild beasts; these are ten feet from the ground. e e e. Small water-course in front of the dens. f. Socket for the pivot of a capstan. g g. Original pavement of bricks, arranged herring-bone fashion. h h. Sites of piers of tufa, (removed in the drawing to shew what is behind them). THE COLOSSEUM. PLATE XVIII. VIEW IN THE SUBSTRUCTURES. [Illustration: VIEW IN THE SUBSTRUCTURES.] DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XVIII. VIEW IN THE SUBSTRUCTURES[248]. E. The consoles, for placing the planks of the arena upon. E*. Consoles, now enclosed in the older tufa wall, in which holes are cut to insert them. F. The podium. X. Level of the arena. a. Doorways of the small descending passages, for feeding the wild beasts in the dens below. b. The dens for the wild beasts. c. Blocks of travertine, to support the lower end of the masts for the awning. d. Recesses for lamps. e. Small drain for water, which runs round the building in front of the dens. f. Sockets for the pivots of the capstans. g. Brick pavement of the second century, in herring-bone pattern.