Source of the Aqua Appia, in a very ancient Stone-quarry of the time of the Kings, in the meadows on the bank of the river Anio, formerly called the meadows of Lucullus. They are not far from Lunghezza, the site of the ancient city of Collatium. This cave has two springs of water in it, and the two streams meet at the mouth of the cave in a channel, which is at first open at the top, and crosses the low meadow with the appearance of a ditch only, to a central reservoir, also in a cave, from which the tunnel _specus_ begins that runs on, into and through Rome. Three streams meet at the same central reservoir, and their united water goes through the _specus_. Each _specus_ can be traced by the line of bushes in the meadows, each bush being over one of the wells; these descend at regular intervals into the _specus_. These wells are also called respirators or ventilators, as they give air to the current of water, or as the people say, enable it to breathe. This cave is easily overlooked, and any person passing on the higher ground over it, is almost sure not to see it. It is scarcely visible until close to it. The ancient quarry from which it comes is earlier than others in the neighbourhood. The celebrated Caves of Cervaro are also ancient quarries; they are about a mile from this point, and although very early, are not quite so early as this, which is more distant from the river Anio. It seems probable that this was one of the quarries for the city of Collatium, before the time of Servius Tullius. PLATE II. [Illustration: AQUEDUCTS—SOURCE OF AQUA APPIA. ANCIENT QUARRY OF THE KINGS.] SOURCE OF ANOTHER SPRING OF THE AQUA APPIA, in another ancient stone quarry on the bank of the river Anio. This is one of a fine series of ancient quarries, now caves, about a mile higher up the river than the Caves of Cervaro. These are believed to have been the quarries from which the large blocks of tufa for the walls of the Kings of Rome were taken, especially the great wall of Servius Tullius, which was a mile long, fifty feet high, and in some parts twelve feet thick, and which would require an enormous quantity of stone. This was probably floated down the Anio on wooden rafts, which served for timber also. The pool at the source of this spring appears as if it came from the water dripping through the rock above, which serves for a roof; but the old shepherds, who have watched it for years, say that the water never fails, and that it is a natural spring, although the quantity of stone refuse thrown into it makes it impossible to see exactly where it rises. These caves are extremely picturesque, more so even than the Caves of Cervaro, though these are the favourite resort of the German artists in their annual festival. PLATE III. 1. THE AQUEDUCTS ABOVE SUBIACO. 2. RIVER ANIO, THE UPPER LOCHS. —— THE THIRD LOCH AND THE BRIDGE. [Illustration: AQUEDUCTS ABOVE SUBIACO RIVER ANIO THE UPPER LOCHS THE THIRD LOCH AND THE BRIDGE]