What happened when the strong hand and controlling power of the Egyptian Pharaoh were removed we do not yet know. We must look for information to the systematic excavations that are at last being made on the sites of the old Canaanitish towns. Already cuneiform tablets have been found on them, and though these belong to the Egyptian period we may hope that before long others may be discovered of later date. We have still to bridge over the age which elapsed between the final withdrawal of Egyptian domination and the conquest of the country by Philistines and Israelites. When that age begins the script and official language of Canaan are still Babylonian; when it closes the cuneiform characters have been superseded by the letters of the Phœnician alphabet, and the language of the inscriptions engraved in them is the language no longer of Babylonia or of Hittite lands, but of Canaan itself. INDEX Abercromby, the Hon. J., 64 Abram, 153 Abû Shahrein. _See_ Eridu Achæmenian dynasty, 11; inscriptions, 10; transcripts (second), 26, 27 Acre, 199 Adamu, Adam, 68, 76, 78, 80, 91 Aita-gama, 197 Akkad, 69, 73, 79, 87, 95 Akkadian, 24, 28–30, 69 Amiaud, 29 Amon-hotep III., 149, 199 Amon-hotep IV., 136, 188, 192 Amorites, 139, 141, 142, 147, 179, 206, 207; land of, 139, 141, 143, 179, 194 Amraphel (Khammu-rabi), 143 Animals, domesticated, 83, 99 Anquetil-Duperron, 10 Anupum (Anubis), 127 Ape in Babylonia, 129 Apes of Thoth, 127 Arabia, Southern, 123 Archæological _versus_ literary evidence, 43 Archæology, science of, 36, etc. Arioch (Eri-Aku), 143 Armenia, 31, 160, etc. Armenian and Sumerian, 59 Armenians, modern, 165 Aryan language, the, 72 Arzawa, 34, 175; language of, 176, 200 Arzawan letters, vi., 175, 200 Arzawaya, 178, 197, 198, 202, 203, 205 Asari of Eridu, 119 Asherah, 150, 153 Ashtoreth (Istar), 153 Asia Minor, 61, 62, 160 _et seq._, 173, 174; gold of, 62; bronze in, 66 Askabad, excavations at, 54, 61, 83 Ass, domesticated, 83 Assur (Qal’at Shirqât), 41 Assur, the god, 95 Assur-bani-pal, 73 Assur-natsir-pal, 33, 163 Assur-yuballidh, 172 Assyria, the sword in, 65 Assyrian culture, 113; grammar, 25; kings, 172; Semitic, 19; syllabary, 19; types, 73 Asur, 172 Babylonia (and Egypt), 101, etc.; Canaanite dynasty in, 142; copper age in, 55; no neolithic age in, 45, 157; picture-writing of, 57, 75 Babylonian anthropomorphism, 94, 125; chronology, 114; civilization, 75, 83; irrigation, 101; priesthood, 96; script, 17, 83; seal-cylinder, 111; trade, 92 Babylonians a mixed people, 87 Balaam, 210 Barley, origin of, 108 Bashan, 192, 193 Behistun, 15, 16, 20, 22, 26