The Art of Logical Thinking; Or, The Laws of ReasoningAtkinson, William Walker
Philosophy
The Art of Logical Thinking; Or, The Laws of Reasoning
Atkinson, William Walker
Logic; Reasoning
We have seen that there are three special kinds of Propositions, namely,
(1) Categorical Propositions, or propositions in which the affirmation
or denial is made without reservation or qualification; (2) Hypothetical
Propositions, in which the affirmation or denial is made to depend upon
certain conditions, circumstances, or suppositions; and (3) Disjunctive
Propositions, in which is implied or asserted an _alternative_.
The forms of reasoning based upon these three several classes of
propositions bear the same names as the latter. And, accordingly the
respective syllogisms expressing these forms of reasoning also bear the
class name or term. Thus, a Categorical Syllogism is one containing
only categorical propositions; a Hypothetical Syllogism is one
containing one or more hypothetical propositions; a Disjunctive
Syllogism is one containing a disjunctive proposition in the major
premise.
_Categorical Syllogisms_, which are far more common than the other two
kinds, have been considered in the previous chapter, and the majority of
the examples of syllogisms given in this book are of this kind. In a
Categorical Syllogism the statement or denial is made positively, and
without reservation or qualification, and the reasoning thereupon
partakes of the same positive character. In propositions or syllogisms
of this kind it is asserted or assumed that the premise is true and
correct, and, if the reasoning be logically correct it must follow that
the conclusion is correct, and the new proposition springing therefrom
must likewise be Categorical in its nature.
_Hypothetical Syllogisms_, on the contrary, have as one or more of their
premises a hypothetical proposition which affirms or asserts something
provided, or "if," something else be true. Hyslop says of this: "Often
we wish first to bring out, if only conditionally, the truth upon which
a proposition rests, so as to see if the connection between this
conclusion and the major premise be admitted. The whole question will
then depend upon the matter of treating the minor premise. This has the
advantage of getting the major premise admitted without the formal
procedure of proof, and the minor premise is usually more easily proved
than the major. Consequently, one is made to see more clearly the force
of the argument or reasoning by removing the question of the material
truth of the major premise and concentrating attention upon the relation
between the conclusion and its conditions, so that we know clearly what
we have first to deny if we do not wish to accept it."
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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