The art of music. Vol. 01 (of 14) : $b The pre-Classic periods
History
The art of music. Vol. 01 (of 14) : $b The pre-Classic periods
Music -- History and criticism; Musicians
The pioneer representatives of these two opposing schools were,
respectively, Olympus, already familiar to us, and Terpander, both
of whom belong to the seventh century B. C. Concerning Olympus’ art
a startling assertion is found in Plutarch. He was regarded by Greek
musicians as the originator of the enharmonic genus. Upon clearer
examination, it has been found that this use of the word 'enharmonic’
does not coincide with the sense in which it is used above, where we
explained the three _genera_ of tetrachords. The quarter-tone division
is, indeed, a much later product and does not seem ever to have
attained to great popularity. The enharmonic scale of Olympus simply
consisted of the diatonic _with a step omitted_, so as to avoid all
semi-tone intervals in the melodies. This elided tone was probably the
Lichanos of the Phrygian scale ([Greek: harmonia]), or f, if we take
the octave from d to d´ on the white keys of the piano. The Phrygian
was naturally the scale used by Olympus, whose home was Phrygia, but
he is also said to have introduced this 'enharmonic’ type of melody
into the Dorian mode. When the full octachord came into consideration
(originally the scale was limited to seven notes) the omission of the
upper tone of the higher semi-tone interval (from b to c) followed as
a matter of course. Thus Terpander’s 'enharmonic’ scale is seen to be
simply a sort of pentatonic system, the antiquity of which is already
evident from our examination of primitive music.
Little is known of Olympus’ life. What part of Greece he inhabited we
are not told. It seems certain that he practised his art in the service
of Apollo. About one hundred years before the beginning of the Pythic
games at Delphi he composed a song describing the fight of Apollo with
the dragon, which afterward became known as the _Nomos Pythicos_, and
which, as we have seen, was regularly performed upon the first day of
the Pythic festivals.[39]
Of Terpander, however, the first of the _kitharœdic_ nome writers, we
have many isolated details, both of legend and fact. There is a story
that the lyre of Orpheus was carried on the waves of the sea from
the Thracian coast to Antissa on Lesbos, where Terpander was born.
Orpheus is, indeed, the singer whom Terpander was said to emulate,
while Olympus was supposed to follow the models of Homer. Terpander
was the first victor in the Spartan _Carneata_ (festival in honor of
Apollo), which began during the twenty-sixth Olympiad. This indicates
his settling in Sparta, which is further confirmed by Plutarch, who
in his _De musica_ calls him the chief representative of the first
period in which Sparta flourished musically. Plutarch also records the
legend that he successfully subdued a revolt of the Lacedemonians by
the power of his music. To us the most important item of Terpander’s
achievements is the addition of the eighth string to the lyre
(_kithara_), thus completing the octave.
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