remarkable group if he is to appreciate the later work of Schumann. (The final song, _Nimm sie hin denn, diese Lieder_, is well worth knowing for its own sake.) Though Beethoven is not one of the great names in song literature, these pieces show eloquently that the great symphonist touched no form that he did not enrich. FOOTNOTES: [10] Vol. I, Chapter IX (p. 258 ff). [11] Chapter II (Sec. IV). [12] Vol. I, Chapter IX. [13] See Musical Examples (Vol. XIII). [14] See Musical Examples (Vol. XIII). [15] See Vol. II, Chapter VI. [16] _Cf._ Vol. II, Chapter X. [17] See Musical Examples (Vol. XIII). [18] See Musical Examples (Vol. XIII). [19] See Musical Examples (Vol. XIII). CHAPTER VIII FRANZ SCHUBERT Art-song and the romantic spirit--Precursors of Schubert--Schubert’s contribution to song; Schubert’s poets--Classification of Schubert’s songs--Faults and virtues--The songs in detail; the cycles--Schubert’s contemporaries. If the art-song begins with Franz Schubert there are two reasons for it. The first is the comparatively accidental one that Schubert was the greatest of lyric geniuses--the song writer _par excellence_. The second is that just as he arrived upon the scene the romantic element in music began to gain the upper hand. For modern song is nine-tenths a romantic product. There might be such a thing as a classic art-song, but its existence is hardly more than hypothetical. Almost by definition the art-song is opposed to what we call the ‘classic’ spirit in music. For the art-song, let us recall, is, above all, a personal, detailed expression. It is intimate, subjective, predominantly emotional. The classic spirit (in music as well as in the other arts) avoids the emotion that is too personal and too subjective as something immodest--much as a young girl would avoid telling the details of her love affairs to strangers. The classic is always inclined to stress the formal elements. But the very definition of the _durchkomponiertes Lied_ (which is almost synonymous with the term ‘art-song’) is that it does not adhere to a common form, being free to formulate itself according to the requirements of the text.