Song, value of, vii; (nature and origin of), 70-99; (early development), 130-150. See also Classic song; Folk-song; Romantic song. Song-cycle, 215, 220. _Song of Roland_, 135. Songs in the folk-manner, 106f, 229f; (Brahms), 278, 281ff, 289; (Henschel), 308ff; (Mahler), 337. Soprano, 14, 62. See also Artificial soprano. Spain (_Trobadores_), 138. Spanish folk-songs, 119f. Spencer, Herbert (theory of origin of song), 88. Sinuses, 15. Spohr, Ludwig, 183. Stile rappresentativo. See Representative style; also Monody. Stimulants, effect of, on singer’s organism, 19. Strauss, Richard, 338ff. Stravinsky, Igor, 362. ‘Stroke of the glottis,’ 61. Style, in singing, 98f. Sullivan, [Sir] Arthur, 326f. _Sumer is icumen in_, 150. Sweden (modern), 369f. Swedish folk-songs, 123. _[The] Sword Shining Brightly_ (Irish folk-song), 114. T Taneieff, Sergius, 368. Tannhäuser, 142. Taubert, Karl Gottfried Wilhelm, 256. Technique. See also Vocal Culture. Teeth (in singing), 3. Telemann, Georg Philipp, 164. Temples (ancient), vocal culture in, 30ff, 40f. Tenaglia, 156. Tenor voice, 62. Thomas, Ambroise, 315. Thomas, Arthur Goring, 298, 327f, 371. Throat (ailments), 20ff; (relaxation of), 60f. Throaty production, 65. Thyroid cartilage, 6ff. Tobacco, effect of, on singer’s organism, 19. Tonality, vagueness of, in modern music, 348ff. Tone emission, 64ff. Tone production, (vocal), 11ff; (effect of incorrect methods), 20; (as taught in early music schools), 37f; (old Italian method), 53f; (modern methods), 59ff. Tongue (in singing), 3, 15. Tosi, Pietro Francesco, 46, 49. Tosti, Francesco Paolo, 323. Trachea, 3, 6. _Traum durch die Dämmerung_ (Strauss), 340, (Reger), 341. _Tre giorni_ (Pergolesi), 161. Tremolo (vocal), 65f. Trobadores (rise of), 138. Troubadours, 25, 42, 135; (rise of), 137ff; (nature and value of their songs), 143f. Trouvères, (rise of), 138f; (influence in Germany), 141. See also Troubadours. Trovatori (rise of), 138. Tschaikowsky, Peter Ilyitch, 298, _323ff_, 364. _[The] Two Grenadiers_ (Schumann), 242; (settings of Wagner and Schumann), 290f. U United States, folk-music of, 129. Unprepared dissonance, 159, 162. V Vacaresco, Helen, 81. Vaudeville (French song form), 166. Venice, folk-songs of, 118f. Vidal, Paul, 357f. Villanette, 153. Villette, 153. _[The] Violet_ (Mozart), 178. Vocal cords, 2, 9ff, 60f. Vocal culture (old Italian method), 24-54; (modern scientific methods of), 55-69. Vocal hygiene, 1-23. Vocal methods, standardization of, 59. Vocal organs, structure and hygiene of, 1-23; (scientific investigation of), 55ff. Vowel sounds (how formed), 16. Vowels, use of, in exercises, 64f. Voice placing, 59ff. Volkmann, Robert, 256.