The art of music, Vol. 07 (of 14) : $b Pianoforte and chamber music
History
The art of music, Vol. 07 (of 14) : $b Pianoforte and chamber music
Music -- History and criticism; Musicians
Soon the organists broke ground in a wholly different direction. But
the other instrumentalists, chiefly the violinists, on the contrary,
though they began to compose their own music with an ever-growing
regard to the special qualities of their instruments, still retained
the well-known form. Hence the many fledgling sonatas in the last
quarter of the sixteenth century and even the first quarter of the
seventeenth, with their title of _canzon a suonare_. This title was
soon cut down to sonata. The form was enormously expanded by the
enthusiasm and rapidly soaring skill of the instrumental composers. The
many more or less vague sections, fossil outlines, as it were, of the
poem in stanzas, swelled out to broad and clear proportions. The number
of them was consequently cut down to four or even three, the selection
and sequence of which had been almost unconsciously determined by
principles of contrast. Finally the influence of the growing suite
combined with the breadth and formal perfection of the several sections
to cut them off distinctly, each from the other. The word sonata, then,
it will be observed, was applied almost from the beginning to a piece
of music divided into several more or less clearly differentiated
sections or movements.
The growth of the suite was, as we have seen, of quite a different
nature. The sonata developed rapidly from a seed. The suite was a
synthesis of various dance pieces, held together by a convention,
without any inherited internal relationship. In spite of the number
of suites written during the seventeenth century for string band
and even other combinations of instruments, it is practically a
special development of keyboard music. The lighter character of the
music itself, depending largely upon dance rhythms for its vitality,
encouraged the free style suitable to the harpsichord. Its influence
upon the string sonata is, however, unmistakable.
Thus, though harpsichord music and the suite were more or less
neglected in Italy during the second and third quarters of the
seventeenth century, we find Corelli publishing between 1683 and 1700
his epoch-making works for violin and other instruments in alternate
sets of _suonate_ (sometimes called _suonate da chiesa_), and suites,
which he called _suonate da camera_. In the former the movements had
no titles but the Italian words which marked their character, such as
_grave_, _allegro_, _vivace_, and other like words. In the latter most
of the movements conformed to dance rhythms and were given dance names.
The normal number of movements in both sonatas and suites is four, and
normally these four are in the order of slow, fast, slow, fast. The
movements of the suite are all normally in the same key; but among
the sonatas the middle adagio is often in a different key from the
other movements. This variety of key is nearly always present as a
distinctive feature of the sonata.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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