FRACTURES ABOUT WRIST AND HAND are caused by blows or other injuries. There is pain, swelling, irregularity in the outline of the bones and crepitus. The limb must be bandaged to a flat board or splint, and supported by sling. FRACTURES OF FEMUR OR THIGH-BONE (fig. 24) are caused by blows or falls, and pain and loss of power is instantly felt with crepitus, shortening, or the broken ends may be felt and the foot turned out. FRACTURES (both of the leg or thigh).—First straighten the limb if bent, then tie a handkerchief round the fractured part, after which place a splint made of a broad lath, or something like it, from one joint to the other—say from the knee to the hip, if it is a broken thigh—and then tie handkerchiefs above and below the fracture, near the ends of the splint, tie the limbs together at the ankles, knees, and elsewhere, so that one supports the other. The object is to prevent motion of the fracture while the injured person is being moved, either to home or hospital. In doing this care should be taken to avoid jolting or shaking, as far as possible. FRACTURE OF PATELLA OR KNEE-CAP (fig. 33) may be caused by blows, or excessive muscular action, and the person is made to stand upon leg first. Fragments can also be felt. Raise limb to a position at right angles to body, and apply a figure-of-eight bandage around the knee, including the fragments. FRACTURES OF BONES OF THE LEG (fig. 28), are frequent from blows, falls, crushing weight, such as wheels passing over the limb. There is pain and loss of power; alteration in shape; crepitus, and the broken ends may be felt. Apply two splints, one inside and one outside the limb, as directed above, and elevate limb. FRACTURES ABOUT FOOT AND ANKLE. These are various results of blows or other injuries—(see figs. 30, 31, 36, and 37)—pain, swelling; alteration in outline of bones; crepitus. _Treatment._—Elevate foot; apply cold water. It must be remembered that the treatment for fractures here given is only temporary, to enable the patient to be moved without further injury, which might result in the loss of the limb or even life, till advice can be had.