[104] Stubbs’ Select Charters, p. 374. [105] In the Pay Roll of the garrison of Rhuddlan castle, 1281, we find ‘paid to Geoffrey le Chamberlin for the wages of twelve cross-bowmen, and thirteen archers, for twenty-four days, £7 8_s._, each cross-bowman receiving by the day 4_d._, and each archer 2_d._ [106] Nic. Trivet, Annales, 282. [107] It is surely unnecessary to call in the aid of treachery--as historians have so frequently done--in order to account for the rout of a force numbered by hundreds, by one numbered by thousands. [108] The characteristic of their descendants in the second decade of the present century. [109] 320 miles in eighteen days; a rate surpassing any continuous marching recorded of late years. [110] See for Henry’s columns of route Viollet-le-Duc’s Tactique des Armées Françaises au Moyen Age. [111] See Viollet-le-Duc’s Tactique des Armées Françaises au Moyen Age, p. 300. [112] ‘Gladio ad usum fossarum verso, et ungue verrente tellurem concavant: et ante se campum equis inadibilem mira hostium astucia efficiebat.’ Blondel, iv. 6. [113] ‘Et si Anglici, incaepto conflictu praestantes, Gallos retrogressos insequi ansi fuissent,’ etc. Blondel, iv. 7. [114] ‘Fusis enim Anglorum bellis robusti quingenti sagittarii in hortum sentibus conseptum prosiliunt ... ac inexorabili Gallorum ferocitate, ut quisque genu flexo arcum traderet, [in sign of surrender] omnes (nec unus evasit) gladio confodiuntur.’ Blondel, iv. 8. [115] Grafton, Henry VI, year xxvii. [116] Hall. [117] The whole country being disaffected and ready--as the events of the autumn proved--to revolt in favour of Warwick or Henry VI, the suppression of the Lincolnshire rebellion and the expulsion of the King-maker were remarkable achievements. [118] This must have been in the Stroudwater, as Edward marched from Wooton-under-Edge by Stroud and Painswick on Cheltenham. [119] Somerset attributed this to treachery on the part of Lord Wenlock, commander of the ‘centre-battle,’ who was a follower of Warwick and not an old Lancastrian. Escaping from the advancing Yorkists he rode up to Wenlock, and, without speaking a word, brained him with his battle-axe. [120] Grafton. [121] Edward IV is said to have had in his employment in 1470 a small corps of Germans with ‘hand-guns.’ Better known is the band of 2000 hackbut-men which the Earl of Lincoln brought to Stoke in 1487. The name of their leader, Martin Schwart, survives in the ballads of the day. [122] For an excellent description of Hussite tactics, see Denis, Hus et la Guerre des Hussites. [123] At the first battle of Kossova we know that the allied Servians and Bosnians outnumbered the Turks. [124] Already since the middle of the 15th century known as ‘Hussars.’ [125] Montecuculi notes that even in his day far into the 17th century, the Turk had not yet taken to the pike. [126] The arquebus and cannon were novelties to the Mamelukes as late as 1517, if we are to trust the story of Kait Bey.