The earliest pulpits of the Spaniards were similar to those of other Christian nations. One of them was the _tribuna_ or _tribunal_, so called, according to Saint Isidore, "because the minister delivers from it the precepts for a righteous life, wherefore it is a seat or place constructed upon high, in order that all he utters may be heard." The ambo, too, although it is not mentioned by Saint Isidore, was probably not unknown among the Spaniards.[61] Then there were various desks, such as the _analogia_, _legitoria_, or _lectra_, on which the scriptures were deposited in church, or carried in procession, and from which the latter were read aloud by the priest. Saint Isidore remarks of the _analogium_; "It is so called because the word is preached therefrom, and because it occupies the highest place."[62] Ducange, quoting from old authors, remarks in his Glossary that these desks were often adorned with gold and silver plates or precious stones. Thus it is extremely probable that Tarik's celebrated "table" (see Vol. I., pp. 31 _et seq._) was merely some elaborate and bejewelled _analogium_ of the Christians; such as was, in fact, the predecessor of the modern lectern or "hand-pulpit." [61] "Ambo, pulpitum ubi ex duabus partibus sunt gradus." Ugutio, quoted by Ducange. [62] _Originum_, Book XV., Chap. iv. According to Amador de los Ríos, sermons in those early times were delivered from the _analogium_ only. Towards the twelfth century, the Isidorian liturgy was abolished in Spain, and the furniture of Spanish temples underwent some change. In the same century and throughout the century following, the Spanish Peninsula was invaded by the Order of Preachers, while, coinciding with, or closely consequent upon, this movement, the primitive ambo was succeeded by the _jubé_, and wood, as the material of which the pulpit was constructed, by marble, iron, stone, or plaster. Two Mudejar pulpits of great interest are preserved at Toledo, in the church of Santiago del Arabal (thirteenth century), and in the convent, erected in the reign of Pedro the Cruel, of Santo Domingo el Real. The substance of these ancient objects is a brick and plaster foundation, with panels of the stucco known as _obra de yesería_, produced from wooden moulds. The pulpit of the church of Santiago is traditionally affirmed to be the one from which, in 1411, Saint Vincent Ferrer delivered a sermon to the Toledan Jews. Whether this be so or not, the date of its construction is undoubtedly the second half of the fourteenth century, or early in the fifteenth. The shape is octagonal--a very common form with Gothic pulpits. It is divided into four _cuerpos_ or orders, including the sounding-board. The decoration, which is chiefly floral, is a combination of the Gothic and the Moorish styles.