is not continually manufactured, nor is it easy to obtain a few ells of it without ordering them several months in advance. This stuff is also manufactured for the King of Spain, who makes presents of it to various other monarchs. In the year 1782, after concluding a treaty with the Porte, he sent twenty pieces of it to the Sultan of Turkey. They gave great satisfaction. It has been imagined from this circumstance that Spain would not be loth to supply the Turkish market with her cloths; and other of the manufacturing nations have felt some measure of alarm, perhaps unnecessarily. The Spanish government has too much sense to enter upon such a competition with other peoples as long as Spain does not supply the whole of the two and twenty million citizens who live beneath her rule. The same government, too, is well aware how remote is this degree of prosperity. The clothworks of Guadalajara have a kind of branch factory at Brihuega, four leagues distant. At Brihuega there are a hundred looms, all used for making fabrics of the finest quality. [29] This recalls the statement made, centuries before, by Alonso de Cartagena at the Council of Bâle: "And if the English should vaunt the cunning of their cloth-makers, then would I tell them somewhat; for if our country lack the weavers to make a cloth so delicate as the scarlet cloths of London, yet is that substance titled _grana_ (the kermes, or scarlet grain), from which the scarlet cloth receives its pleasantness of smell and brilliancy of hue, raised in the kingdom of Castile, and thence conveyed to England, and even to Italy."--Larruga, _Memorias_, Vol. XIV., p. 167. [30] "The weight of an _arroba_ is twenty-seven pounds. The average price is from twenty-three to twenty-seven _livres_ the _arroba_ of unwashed wool of the best quality, which pays five _livres_ ten _sols_ of export duty. The _arroba_ of washed wool pays double." [31] "It has been calculated that Spain, about this time, paid annually to England two million pounds sterling per annum, solely on account of her woollens." [32] "His Majesty maintained this factory by a monthly payment from his treasury of one hundred and fifty thousand _livres_; an exorbitant amount, which very possibly would not be covered by the sales of cloth." Townsend wrote in 1787 "Royal manufactures and monopolies have a baneful influence on population: for, as no private adventurers can stand the competition with their sovereign, where he is the great monopolist, trade will never prosper. The Spanish monarch is a manufacturer of