[Illustration: Fig. 164.--Curved Trumpet. (Eleventh Century. Cotton MS., British Museum.)] In the fourteenth century, according to a passage in a manuscript in the Library of Berne, quoted by M. Jubinal, there were in bodies of troops _corneurs_, _trompeurs_, and _buisineurs_, who played under certain special circumstances. The _trompes_ sounded for the movements of the knights, or men-at-arms; the _cornes_ for the movements of the banners or the foot-soldiers, and the _buisines_, or clarions, when the entire camp (_ost_) was to march. The heralds-at-arms, whose duty it was to make the announcements or proclamations in the public ways, were in the habit of using either long trumpets, called _à potence_, on account of the forked stick whereon they were supported, or trumpets _à tortilles_ (serpentine), the name of which sufficiently indicates their shape. Added to this, the sound of the trumpet or horn accompanied or signalised the principal acts of the citizens both in public and private life. During the meals of great men, the water, the wine, and the bread, were heralded by sound of trumpet. In towns this instrument announced the opening and closing of the gates, the opening and closing of the markets, and the time of curfew, till the time when the horn and the copper trumpet were superseded in this function by the bells in church-towers. [Illustration: Fig. 165.--Shepherd’s Horn. Eighth Century. (MS., British Museum.)] [Illustration: Fig. 166.--Horn, or _Olifant_, Fourteenth Century. (From Willemin’s “French Monuments.”)] Polybius and Ammianus Marcellinus tell us that the ancient Gauls and Germans had a great passion for large, hoarse-sounding trumpets. At the time of Charlemagne, and still more in the days of the Crusades, the intercourse that took place between the men of the West and the African and Asiatic races introduced among the former the use of musical instruments of a harsh and piercing tone. Then it was that the Saracen-horns, made of copper, replaced the wooden or horn trumpets. At the same period sackbuts, or _sambutes_ (Fig. 167), made their appearance in Italy: in those of the ninth century, we find the principle of the modern trombone. About the same epoch the Germans introduced great improvements into the trumpet by adapting to it the system of holes, which up to that time had been the characteristic of flutes (Fig. 168). [Illustration: Fig. 167.--_Sambute_, or Sackbut, of the Ninth Century. (Boulogne MS.)] [Illustration: Fig. 168.--German Musician sounding the Military Trumpet. Drawn and Engraved by J. Amman.]