The slingers, who had never been otherwise recruited than from the lower orders, disappeared from the French armies after the reign of St. Louis. As for the archers, those of England wore at that time, over the hauberk, a leather jacket, adopted subsequently by the French archers, and called _jacque d’Anglois_. An old author, in fact, thus mentions it:-- “C’étoit un pourpoint de chamois; Farci de bourre sus et sous; Un grand vilain jacque d’Anglois, Qui lui pendoit jusqu’aux genoux.” The _jacque_ having become the fashion in France was soon recognised in every kind of material more or less costly; it continued in use until the end of the fourteenth century; Charles VI. wore one of black velvet during a journey he made in Brittany. [Illustration: Fig. 53.--Helmet of Hughes, Vidame of Chalons. (End of Thirteenth Century.)] [Illustration: Fig. 54.--Tournament Helmet, screwed on the Breastplate. (End of Fifteenth Century.)] The casque, or helmet, from that time enclosing the head entirely, assumed, under St. Louis, the form of two truncated cones “réunis par leurs grandes bases.” In addition to the helmet there was also worn at that time the _chapel de fer_, which at first was only a simple cap underneath the hood of the hauberk; but when, curtailing the hood, a brim was added to the cap, it thus became a hat almost of the form of the felts now in use. To protect the neck there was also attached to the rim of the hat a tippet of mail, falling on the shoulders, and called _camail_.[5] The iron cap then took [Illustration: CASQUE, MORION, AND HELMETS. With and without vizors, from the Armeria Real at Madrid.] the name of _coiffre_ or _cervelière_, and later it became a kind of reversed pot concealing the entire head, and kept in position by its weight only (Fig. 53). [Illustration: Fig. 55.--Plain Armour of the Fifteenth Century, about 1460. (Museum of Artillery, Paris.)] Again; there had for some time been manifested a movement which gradually caused the knights to be entirely cased in iron. A king of Scotland, contemporary with Philip Augustus, is represented on his seal with a plate of armour intended to protect the elbow. The knee-cap followed. Under Philip the Bold, successor of St. Louis, the iron _grévières_ (greaves), or half leg-pieces, protecting the front of the legs, were adopted. In the reign of Philip the Fair we have the first example of an iron gauntlet with its fingers separate and jointed: previously it was merely an inflexible piece covering the back of the hand. About the same time the _cervelière_, either flat or spherical, became pointed at the top, and took the name of _bassinet_; but this bassinet was unlike the casque which, in the following century, retained that name and was made completely closed. The exact period of the transition from mailed armour to that of plain iron or steel, called also plate-armour, dates from the first thirty years of the fifteenth century (Fig. 55).