The northern constellations are--to use the names by which they are now familiar to us--1, _Ursa Minor_, the Little Bear; 2, _Ursa Major_, the Great Bear; 3, _Draco_, the Dragon; 4, _Cepheus_, the King; 5, _Boötes_, the Herdsman; 6, _Corona Borealis_, the Northern Crown; 7, _Hercules_, the Kneeler; 8, _Lyra_, the Lyre or Swooping Eagle; 9, _Cygnus_, the Bird; 10, _Cassiopeia_, the Throned Queen, or the Lady in the Chair; 11, _Perseus_; 12, _Auriga_, the Holder of the Reins; 13, _Ophiuchus_, the Serpent-holder; 14, _Serpens_, the Serpent; 15, _Sagitta_, the Arrow; 16, _Aquila_, the Soaring Eagle; 17, _Delphinus_, the Dolphin; 18, _Equuleus_, the Horse's Head; 19, _Pegasus_, the Winged Horse; 20, _Andromeda_, the Chained Woman; 21, _Triangulum_, the Triangle. The zodiacal constellations are: 1, _Aries_, the Ram; 2, _Taurus_, the Bull; 3, _Gemini_, the Twins; 4, _Cancer_, the Crab; 5, _Leo_, the Lion; 6, _Virgo_, the Virgin; 7, _Libra_, the Scales,--also called the Claws, that is of the Scorpion; 8, _Scorpio_, the Scorpion; 9, _Sagittarius_, the Archer; 10, _Capricornus_, the Sea-goat, _i. e._ Goat-fish; 11, _Aquarius_, the Water-pourer; 12, _Pisces_, the Fishes. The southern constellations are: 1, _Cetus_, the Sea-Monster; 2, _Orion_, the Giant; 3, _Eridanus_, the River; 4, _Lepus_, the Hare; 5, _Canis Major_, the Great Dog; 6, _Canis Minor_, the Little Dog; 7, _Argo_, the Ship and Rock; 8, _Hydra_, the Water-snake; 9, _Crater_, the Cup; 10, _Corvus_, the Raven; 11, _Centaurus_, the Centaur; 12, _Lupus_, the Beast; 13, _Ara_, the Altar; 14, _Corona Australis_, the Southern Crown; 15, _Piscis Australis_, the Southern Fish. Aratus, living four hundred years earlier than Ptolemy, differs only from him in that he reckons the cluster of the Pleiades--counted by Ptolemy in Taurus--as a separate constellation, but he has no constellation of _Equuleus_. The total number of constellations was thus still forty-eight. Aratus further describes the Southern Crown, but gives it no name; and in the constellation of the Little Dog he only mentions one star, _Procyon_, the Dog's Forerunner. He also mentions that the two Bears were also known as two Wagons or Chariots. Were these constellations, so familiar to us to-day, known before the time of Aratus, and if so, by whom were they devised, and when and where? They were certainly known before the time of Aratus, for his poem was confessedly a versification of an account of them written by Eudoxus more than a hundred years previous. At a yet earlier date, Panyasis, uncle to the great historian Herodotus, incidentally discusses the name of one of the constellations, which must therefore have been known to him. Earlier still, Hesiod, in the second book of his _Works and Days_, refers to several:-- "Orion and the Dog, each other nigh, Together mounted to the midnight sky, When in the rosy morn Arcturus shines, Then pluck the clusters from the parent vines.