4. "Gimlamo Benzoni, of Milan, who, at the age of twenty-two, visited Terra Firma, took part in some expeditions in 1542 to the coasts of Bordones, Cariaco, and Paria, to carry off the unfortunate natives. He relates with simplicity, and often with a sensibility not common in the historians of that time, the examples of cruelty of which he was a witness. He saw the slaves dragged to New Cadiz, to be marked on the forehead and on the arms, and for the payment of the _quint_ to the officers of the crown. From this port the Indians were sent to the island of Hayti, after having often changed masters, not by way of sale, but because the soldiers played for them at dice."--Humboldt, _Personal Narrative_, Vol. I. p. 176. 5. Schoelcher, _Hayti_, Vol. II. p. 78. The Arabs introduced the cane, which had been cultivated in the East from the remotest times, into Sicily in the ninth century, whence it found its way into Spain, and was taken to the Canaries: Madeira sent sugar to Antwerp in 1500. See Bridge, _Annals of Jamaica_, Vol.I. p.594, who, however, makes the mistake of saying that a variety of the sugar-cane was indigenous to the Antilles. See Humboldt, _Personal Narrative_, Vol. II. p. 28, who says that negroes were employed in the cultivation of the sugar-cane in the Canaries from its introduction. 6. Schoelcher, _La Traile et son Origine_, in _Colonies Etrengeres_, Tom. I. p. 364. 7. Upon the subject of changes in the value of money, and some comparisons between the past and present, see Hallam's _Europe, during the Middle Ages_, Vol. II. pp. 427--432, and _Supplement_, p. 406. Dealing in money, banking, bills of exchange, have a very early date in Europe. The Bank of Venice was founded in 1401. Florentines dealt in money as early as 1251, and their system of exchange was in use throughout the North early in the fifteenth century.--McCullagh's _Industrial History of Free Nations_ Vol. II. p. 94. 8. See in Hallam's _Supplement to Europe during the Middle Ages_, p. l33, and in Motley's _Dutch Republic_, Vol. I. pp. 32, 33, various causes mentioned for voluntary and compulsory servitude in the early European times. See also Summer's _White Slavery_, p. 11. 9. Moors, living In Spain as subjects, and nominally Christianized. 10. _La Historia sel Mondo Nuovo_, Venetia, 1565, Book II. p.65, a duodecimo filled with curious plates representing the habits of the natives and the Spanish dealings with them. Benozi elsewhere has a good deal to say about the cruelty exercised towards the negroes. For a failure to perform a daily stint in the mines, a negro was usually buried up to his chin, and left to be tormented by the insects. Wire whips were used in flogging, and hot pitch was applied to the wounds.