There were occasions when the audiencia enacted administrative measures in which the governor failed to participate. These were especially noticeable during the administrations of Acuña, Fajardo, and Corcuera--governors who spent much of their time away from Manila. A more recent instance of this occurred in 1790 when the natives of the province of Ilocos revolted against a tyrannical and dissolute alcalde mayor. The acuerdo, notwithstanding the objection of Governor Marquina, removed the offending official and appointed another, and this action was subsequently approved by the king. [444] According to the laws of the Indies the authority of removal and appointment of such officials rested with the governor. [445] The tendency of the acuerdo to act in civil affairs without the advice or presence of the governor was checked by the royal order of November 12, 1840, wherein the audiencia was ordered not to attempt to carry its acuerdos into execution without the authority of the superior government. [446] The evil effects of the audiencia's intervention in provincial government were pointed out in 1842 by Sinibaldo de Mas, when he wrote: "the government of the provinces is in charge of an alcalde-mayor, who is at once judge of first instance, chief of political matters, subdelegate of the treasury, and war-captain or military commandant, for whose different attributes he is subject to authorities distinct from one another." [447] The audiencia was deprived of its acuerdo power in governmental matters by the Constitution of 1812, but it was still retained in judicial affairs. In 1815 and again in 1823 on the restoration of the monarchy, the full acuerdo power as practiced before 1812 was resumed by the audiencia. Official recognition of the acuerdo was made publicly by Governor Torres, who succeeded Enrile on March 18, 1834. In his inaugural address this governor avowed his purpose to be the extension and improvement of commerce, the army and agriculture, "but, in order to develop these to their highest extent, and to realize the utmost success in my administration," he said, "I count on the co-operation of all the authorities, and particularly of the real acuerdo, of which I have the honor to be president." [448] The audiencia was finally excluded from the acuerdo in administrative matters by the reform of July 4, 1861; since then the tribunal has been purely judicial, the legislative functions of government having been assumed by the Administrative Council (Consejo de Administración) of which the president and fiscal, and usually two oidores at least were members. Thus, even after the reform of 1861, the oidores continued to participate in legislative functions, though the audiencia as a body did not. [449]