[342] The palisade was not, of course, a board fence which could be torn down in a few minutes. It was made of oak-trees split in halves and bedded in a ditch four and a half feet deep. See Pelham, _op. cit._, p. 200. Some idea of its appearance can be gathered from the representation at the beginning of the reliefs on the Marcus column. [343] Oman, _Art of War in the Middle Ages_, p. 209. He quotes Nicephorus Περὶ παραδρομῆς πολέμου. [344] The stone wall on the Raetian frontier is of very inferior construction. [345] The garrisons were: at Netherby, the Cohors I Aelia Hispanorum M. E., vii. 954, 963, 964, 965; at Bremenium, the Cohors I Fida Vardullorum M. E. and exploratores, vii. 1030, 1043; at Habitancium, the Cohors I Vangionum M. E., exploratores and Raeti Gaesati 1002, 1003. The latest inscription at Netherby dates from the reign of Severus Alexander; at Bremenium, the most advanced of the Dere Street forts, from the reign of Gordian III. [346] iii. 600. See Appendix. [347] Cf. _Historia Augusta, Vita Marci_, 12 ‘Dum Parthicum bellum geritur, natum est Marcomannicum, quod diu eorum, qui aderant, arte suspensum est’. [348] The only changes which we know of are that Legio V Macedonica was transferred from Moesia Inferior to Dacia in the reign of Marcus and that Legio III Augusta was sent by Gordian III as a punishment from Africa to the Rhine, whence, however, it returned in 253. Cagnat, _L’Armée romaine d’Afrique_, pp. 156-61. [349] The date of this section of the _Notitia_ is disputed, but it can hardly be earlier than the end of the third century. The diplomata are xxix (98), xxxii (103), xxxiv (105), xliii (124), lv (_ante_ 138), lvii (146). [350] Cf. D. ii and iii. 3664, D. lviii and iii. 3331, and D. lx and iii. 11333. These regiments may of course have been temporarily absent, but the evidence is fairly continuous in each case. The Cohors V Lucensium et Callaecorum, for example, appears on diplomata for 60, 84, 85, 133, 138/48, 148, 149 and 154. [351] _I. G. R. R._ i. 1348, ib. 1363, iii. 14147², D. xv, iii. 14147¹. In the last, which dates from 39, the number of the cohort is not given, and possibly another in the same series is meant. [352] For the date of the Egyptian section of the _Notitia_ see my article, _The Garrison of Egypt_, in the account of the excavations at Karanóg by the Eckley B. Cox Junior Expedition to Nubia published by the University Museum, Philadelphia. [353] iii. 4379 (3 Ulpii, 2 Aelii), 4360 (Aelius), 4369, 4370 (Aurelii), 11081. [354] iii. 1371, 1372, 1374, 1379; _A. E._ 1903. 66. [355] vii. 818 (Severus Antoninus), 819 (Gordian III), 820 (Postumus), 823 (Tetricus). Another inscription (808) dates from the reign of Maximin. [356] Tac. _Ann._ iv. 47; id. _Hist._ ii. 22.