[379] It may also be omitted on the reliefs from considerations of space, which are also probably the cause of the frequent omission of the helmet. [380] _J. R. S._ ii. (1912) Fig. 8. As it was found at Hexham, and probably comes from Corbridge, it cannot well have been erected before about 85. [381] See Tac. _Ann._ xii. 35 (describing an engagement with Caratacus) ‘et si auxiliaribus resisterent, gladiis ac pilis legionariorum, si huc verterent, spathis et hastis auxiliarium sternebantur’. [382] Professor Baldwin Brown considers it to be a development of the iron broadsword of the La Tène period (_Arts and Crafts of our Teutonic Forefathers_, p. 118). [383] Josephus, _Bell. Iud._ iii. 5, 6. [384] The best representation of cavalry is Cichorius, Pl. 28. [385] I do not mean to imply that the details are correctly represented in every case. The swords, for instance, are often omitted, particularly in the earlier scenes. Doubtless several artists were employed, and all were not equally conscientious. [386] Arrian, _Tactica_, 4 θώρακα πεπλεγμένον, 41 θώραξι σιδηροῖς. [387] _B. J. B._ lxxxi. 104. The soldier’s name, T. Flavius Bassus, gives a _terminus post quem_ for the dating of the relief. [388] Cichorius, Pl. 65 (_equites singulares_). [389] It is sometimes replaced by the scarf (_focale_). [390] Arrian, _op. cit._ 34. [391] I agree with Mr. Curle that the passage in Arrian (ἴσα πάντη τοῖς προσώποις πεποίηται τῶν ἱππέων) refers to helmets of this kind. See his discussion of the Newstead example, _A Roman Frontier-post_, Pl. 24, 27, 29, 30. [392] Von Domaszewski and Petersen, _Die Marcussäule_, Pl. 27, 52. [393] An Ala Gallorum et Pannoniorum catafractata existed in the reign of Hadrian, xi. 5632. [394] Hofman, Fig. 46. (Cf. iii. 4316.) He assigns it to the third century. [395] Hofman, Fig. 23. The deceased is represented shooting very dexterously at a target. [396] Arrian, _Tactica_, 4. It appears from this passage that in the reign of Hadrian the cavalry did not carry spears of two sizes for thrusting and throwing in the time of Josephus (see above), but one or more of medium length suitable for both purposes. The _contarii_ were a special class of regiments; the best known of which was the Ala contariorum miliaria stationed in Pannonia (see Appendix). [397] Cichorius, Pl. 44, 45. [398] Haverfield, _Catalogue of Inscribed Stones in Grosvenor Museum_, no. 137. [399] Lehner, Pl. v, no. 3. [400] Lindenschmidt, _Tracht und Bewaffnung des römischen Heeres_, Pl. vi, no. 2. [401] Lehner, Pl. no. 2. [402] Lehner, Pl. vi, no. 3. This monument may be slightly later in date than the others, since the soldier carries an oval shield. [403] Lehner, Pl. vi, no. 4. [404] The details are brought out most clearly on Cichorius, Pl. 52. [405] _Rangordnung_, p. 59: ‘Sie (the numeri) dienen zur Ergänzung der zur schweren Infanterie umgeschaffenen Auxiliarcohorten.’