The basic facts of economics : $b A common-sense primer for advanced studentsPost, Louis F. (Louis Freeland)
General
The basic facts of economics : $b A common-sense primer for advanced students
Post, Louis F. (Louis Freeland)
Economics
One of those subdivisions is Capital, which, in its technical meaning,
is distinctively a part of Wealth produced by Labor from and upon Land.
It is, however, often used loosely to include Land, the technical term
for Natural Resources. Even slaves, and by Economic as well as by
private business classification, have been placed in the subcategory
called Capital, a form of Wealth; and this notwithstanding that
as units of the human factor, slaves belong in the Labor category
of Economics. Although such loose distinctions may be of use in
private business accountings, they are intolerable in the science of
Economics, which, like every other science, demands precision in the
differentiation of terms.
The application of Man’s powers of body and mind to Natural Resources
for the production of Artificial Objects--of Labor to Land for the
production of Wealth--is the Productive Process in Economics. It
involves such subcategories as business enterprise, professional
service, invention, hired-man work--in a word, every grade of
useful activity. These subcategories are developed by industrial
specialization, or, in technical Economic terms, Division of Labor,
which necessitates another subcategory. This is Trade.
Without Trade, products of Labor specialization would remain forever
useless; but through Trade the most minute and incomplete of
those products is brought to its useful place in the aggregate of
Wealth--ploughshares to ploughframes, for instance, or ore to the
steel of the factory, or wallpaper to the interior of the house.
The Productive Process though intricate through specialization and
Trade, is readily observable by generalization into the three major
categories, Labor and Land and Wealth. In observing that Process care
must be taken to distinguish delivery from Distribution. Delivery is
part of the Productive Process. No Wealth is completely produced until
it has been delivered to ultimate consumers. But Distribution has to do
with Wealth apportionment.
In apportionment, or Distribution, there are two major categories,
Wages and Rent, corresponding respectively to the two Production
categories, Labor and Land. A minor Distributive category,
corresponding to the minor category in Production called Capital,
is distinguished as Interest. This term identifies the earnings of
Capital. Inasmuch, however, as Capital is part of Labor-produced
Wealth, Interest must be a subdivision of Labor-earned Wages.
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