What will be in each separate case the practical effect of this mysterious inner process may be left to Ethics to analyse, in chapters and paragraphs entitled "Duties of Virtue," "Duties of Love," "Imperfect Duties," or whatever other name be used. The root, the basis of all these is the one here indicated; for out of it arises the primary precept: _Omnes, quantum potes, juva_; from which in turn everything else required can very easily be deduced; just as out of the _Neminem laede_--the first half of my principle--all duties of justice are derivable. Ethics is in truth the easiest of all sciences. And this is only to be expected, since it is incumbent on each person to construct it for himself, and himself form the rule for every case, as it occurs, out of the fundamental law which lies deep in his heart; for few have leisure and patience enough to learn a ready-made system of Morals. From justice and loving-kindness spring all the other virtues; for which reason these two may properly be called cardinal, and the disclosure of their origin lays the corner-stone of Moral Science. The entire ethical content of the Old Testament is justice; loving-kindness being that of the New. The latter is the _καινὴ ἐντολὴ_ (the new commandment [_John_ xiii. 34]), which according to Paul (_Romans_ xiii. 8-10) includes all Christian virtues. [1] Plato taught that Justice (_δικαιοσύνη_) includes in itself the three other virtues of Wisdom (σοϕία), Fortitude (_ἀνδρεία,_) and Temperance (_σωϕρούυν_). With Aristotle, too, Justice is the chief of virtues; while the Stoic doctrine is that Virtue is manifested in four leading co-ordinate forms: Wisdom, Justice, Fortitude, and Temperance.--(_Translator_.) [2] There are four Vedas: the _Big-Veda, Yajur-Veda, Sāma-Veda,_ and _Atharva-Veda_.--(_Translator._) [3] _Dharma-Śāstra_ ("a law book"): the body or code of Hindu law.--(_Translator._) [4] _Itihāsa_ (iti-ha-āsa, "so indeed it is"): talk, legend, traditional accounts of former events, heroic history; _e.g._, the Mahā-bhārata.--(_Translator_.) [5] _Purāna_ (ancient, legendary): the name given to certain well-known sacred works, eighteen in number, comprising the whole body of modern Hindu mythology. _V_. Monier Williams' _Sanskrit Dictionary_.--(_Translator._) [6] _Ipsa_ CARITAS _generis humani, quae nata a primo satu, quod a procreatoribus nati diliguntur, et tota domus conjugio et stirpe conjungitur, serpit sensim foras, cognationibus primum, tum affinitatibus, deinde amicitiis, post vicinitatibus tum civibus et iis, qui publice socii atque amici sunt, deinde_ TOTIUS COMPLEXU GENTIS HUMANAE. [7] This chapter describes the Pythagorean ϕίλια πάντων πρὸς ἃπαντας, which comes very near to loving-kindness. It contains also certain _καλὰ τῆς ϕίλιας τεκήρια_.--(_Translator_.) [8] For between the view Of pain, and pain itself, I never knew A distance lie. It is not Always the Worst that is Certain: Act II., Sc. 9.--(_Translator._) CHAPTER VIII.