[62] “Having first washed the corpse, it was clothed in a straight linen garment, or put into a bag or sack of linen, and then wrapped closely round from head to foot with a strong cloth wrapper.”--_Strutt_, vol. i., p. 66. [63] The custom of carrying the dead in some slight envelope to the sarcophagus which was to be its last resting place, accounts for the mischance which occurred at the burial of William the Conqueror, force being required to thrust the body into its too narrow cell. Bede tells us (_Ecc. Hist._ b. iv. c. xi.) how the stone coffin for Sebba, King of the East Saxons, was too small, and when the attendants were for bending the knees of the corpse a miracle ensued, and the coffin elongated of itself. [64] Wace, p. 89. [65] Annals of Roger de Hoveden, vol. i. p. 130. [66] The _paludamentum_, or official dress of a Roman general, to which the episcopal _pallium_ is probably to be traced, was either of a brilliant white, scarlet, or purple colour. [67] See note D, at the end of the volume. [68] Hinde on Comets, p. 52. [69] Thierry, p. 60. [70] Taylor’s Wace. [71] Sir N. Harris Nicolas’ Hist. Royal Navy, vol. i., p. 24. [72] Wace, p. 123. [73] Vol. i., p. 464. [74] “This mode of steering was retained till a comparatively late period. In a bass-relief over the doorway of the leaning tower of Pisa, built in the twelfth century, ships are represented with paddle rudders, as those in the Bayeux Tapestry representing the Norman Invasion. They must have been in use till after the middle of the thirteenth century; for in the contracts to supply Louis IX. with ships, the contractors are bound to furnish them with two rudders. By the middle of the following century we find the hinged rudders on the gold noble of Edward III. The change in the mode of steering must, therefore, have taken place about the end of the thirteenth, or early in the fourteenth, century.”--_Smith’s Voyage and Shipwreck of St. Paul._ [75] They are engraved in Smith’s Collectanea Antiqua, vol. ii., p. 238. [76] Wace, p. 210. [77] Crit. Inquiry into Ancient Armour, vol. i., p. 8. [78] When Harold, in 1063, conducted an expedition against the Welch, he found the heavy armour of his troops unsuitable to the service on which they were engaged, and immediately changed it. Ingulf says, “Seeing that the activity of the Welch, proved remarkably effective against the more cumbrous movements of the English and that, after making an attack, they retreated into the woods, while our soldiers, being weighed down with their arms, were unable to follow them, he ordered all his soldiers to accustom themselves to wear armour made of boiled leather, and to use lighter arms. Upon this the Welch were greatly alarmed, and submitted.” [79] Archæologia, vol. xxiv., p. 270. [80] _See_ Fenwick’s Introduction to the _Slogans of the North of England_, and the Notes to the Introduction.