192. Emigration to the west, and the man who helped that emigration.--But during the last hundred years that great empty land of the far west has been filling up with people. Thousands upon thousands of emigrants have gone there. They have built towns and cities and railroads and telegraph lines. Thousands more are going and will go. What has made such a wonderful change? Well, one man helped to do a great deal toward it. His name was Robert Fulton. He saw how difficult it was for people to get west; for if emigrants wanted to go with their families in wagons, they had to chop roads through the forest. That was slow, hard work. Fulton found a way that was quick, easy, and cheap. Let us see who he was, and how he found that way. 193. Robert Fulton's boyhood; the old scow; what Robert did for his mother.--Robert Fulton was the son of a poor Irish farmer in Pennsylvania.[2] He did not care much for books, but liked to draw pictures with pencils which he hammered out of pieces of lead. Like most boys, he was fond of fishing. He used to go out in an old scow, or flat-bottomed boat, on a river near his home. He and another boy would push the scow along with poles. But Robert said, There is an easier way to make this boat go. I can put a pair of paddle-wheels on her, and then we can sit comfortably on the seat and turn the wheels by a crank. He tried it, and found that he was right. The boys now had a boat which suited them exactly. [Illustration: ROBERT FULTON'S PADDLE-WHEEL SCOW.] When Robert was seventeen, he went to Philadelphia. His father was dead, and he earned his living and helped his mother and sisters, by painting pictures. He staid in Philadelphia until he was twenty-one. By that time he had saved up money enough to buy a small farm for his mother, so that she might have a home of her own. [Footnote 2: Fulton was born in Little Britain (now called Fulton) in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. See map in paragraph 135.] 194. Fulton goes to England and to France; his iron bridges; his diving-boat, and what he did with it in France.--Soon after buying the farm for his mother, young Fulton went to England and then to France. He staid in those countries twenty years. In England Fulton built some famous iron bridges, but he was more interested in boats than in anything else. While he was in France he made what he called a diving-boat. It would go under water nearly as well as it would on top, so that wherever a fish could go, Fulton could follow him. His object in building such a boat was to make war in a new way. When a swordfish[3] attacks a whale, he slips round under him and stabs the monster with his sword. Fulton said, 'If an enemy's war-ship should come into the harbor to do mischief, I can get into my diving-boat, slip under the ship, fasten a torpedo[4] to it, and blow the ship "sky high."' [Illustration: FULTON'S DIVING-BOAT. (Going under water to fasten a torpedo on the bottom of a vessel.)]