{2} Chili in 1810–1818; Paraguay in 1811–1814; La Plata in 1810–1816; Mexico in 1810–1821; Peru and Bolivia not until 1824. {3} The Duc de Berri was the second son of the Comte d’Artois, and as his elder brother, the Duc d’Angoulême, was childless, he was practically heir to the crown of France, and his assassination in 1820 had a most disastrous effect upon the royalist fortunes in that country. The son that was born to his wife some months after his death was the Duc de Bordeaux, better known in our own times as the Comte de Chambord, “Henri V.” {4a} She was proclaimed in 1833; again on attaining her majority in 1843; and was formally deposed in 1868. She still (1895) lives in Paris. {4b} Queen Christina soon afterwards married her paramour, Ferdinand Muñoz, created Duke of Rianzares. {4c} It was a curious coincidence that Don Carlos, Pretender in Spain, and Dom Miguel, Pretender in Portugal, should have left Lisbon on the same day in an English ship. {7a} See Duncan, _The English in Spain_, p. 26. {8} In the words of an ancient chronicler, “Tuvose por muy cierto, que le fueron dadas yerbas” (Zurita, _Anales de Aragon_, lib. xviii. cap. 7). {14a} Villages between Madrid and Toledo. {1} Mendizabal had become Premier and Minister of Finance in September, and the new Cortes was opened at Madrid by a speech from the throne on November 16. {3a} _Bethlehem_. The church was founded on the spot where Vasco da Gama embarked for his memorable voyage, July 8, 1497. {3b} More correctly _Caes do Sodré_, now the _Praça dos Romulares_. {3c} Sir Charles Napier (1786–1860) defeated and destroyed the Miguelite squadron off Cape St. Vincent on July 3, 1833. {5} One of the peculiarities of Lisbon is the number and variety of the names borne by the same street or square. This noble square, nearly 600 feet long by 500 wide, is, as may be supposed, no longer known by the name of the detested Inquisition, but is officially designated _Praça do Commercio_; it is invariably spoken of by the Portuguese inhabitants as the _Terreiro do Paço_, and by the English as Blackhorse Square, from the fine equestrian statue of King José I., erected in 1775. {6a} Henry Fielding, born 1707, died at Lisbon, 1754. {6b} Dr. Philip Doddridge, born 1702, died at Lisbon, 1751. {7b} Cintra is an agglomeration of beauties, natural and architectural, and is full of historic and antiquarian interest. The greater part of the buildings are Moorish; but, unlike the Alhambra in Spain, it has been the abode of Christian kings ever since the expulsion of the Moslems in the twelfth century, and the palace especially is to-day a singular and most beautiful mixture of Moorish and Christian architecture. {8a} Tivoli (_Tibur_) is eighteen miles north-east of Rome. {8b} Born 1554, succeeded to the throne 1557, killed in battle in Africa in 1578. {9a} Alcazar-Kebir al-Araish, near Tangier or Larache, in Morocco.