The Biotic Associations of CockroachesRoth, Louis M. (Louis Marcus)
Science
The Biotic Associations of Cockroaches
Roth, Louis M. (Louis Marcus)
Cockroaches; Insects -- Ecology
_Oviposition._--A female _P. punctata_ selected oöthecae of _P.
americana_ for oviposition and ignored those of _B. orientalis_ and
_Parcoblatta pensylvanica_ in the same cage. Oviposition was
accomplished as described for _Evania appendigaster_. One oötheca was
turned over onto its right side by the wasp before she oviposited.
(Edmunds, 1952.) Although there seemed to be a "preferred" position for
oviposition, it was not obligatory. The usual position was for the
female to face the keel of the oötheca, but she also oviposited from the
opposite side or, rarely, directly down into the side of the oötheca.
The average time spent by females in 10 ovipositions was 29 minutes
(range 16-62 minutes). The wasp apparently could not determine whether
the eggs had been previously parasitized. The wasp laid her egg between
the cockroach eggs rather than in them and she oviposited into oöthecae
that had just been dropped and those two weeks old or older. On three
occasions nymphal cockroaches emerged within a few hours after the wasp
had oviposited. (Edmunds, 1954.) Apparently, for successful
parasitization the wasp must oviposit before the cockroaches have
reached the final stages of preemergence development. Edmunds (1954)
placed females of _Periplaneta americana_ that were carrying oöthecae,
into cages with _Prosevania_; some of the female wasps showed
considerable interest in the attached oöthecae, but he observed
oviposition only into egg cases that had been dropped by the
cockroaches.
Cros (1942) described an interesting reaction that he called
"instinctive hostility" of the oriental cockroach toward _Prosevania_. A
wasp was placed in a jar in which a cockroach had just deposited its
oötheca. The wasp tried to oviposit into the egg case but was upset and
pursued by the cockroach. The cockroach placed herself over the oötheca,
standing high on her legs, and remained there motionless. The wasp then
approached from the rear, slipped under the cockroach, and, unnoticed by
the cockroach, climbed on the oötheca and oviposited successfully.
_Development._--In _Blatta orientalis_: The developmental period was
completed in 40-57 days in summer and fall (Cros, 1942). Time from
oviposition to emergence of adult varied from 45-177 days; three
parthenotes from an oviposition by an unfertilized female wasp developed
in 45-53 days (Edmunds, 1954). In _Blattella germanica_: Almost 4 weeks
spent in development (Fahringer, 1922). In _Periplaneta americana_:
Three wasps developed in 127 days (Edmunds, 1952). Only one parasite
develops in each oötheca. There were three generations a year in Ohio.
(Edmunds, 1954.) In Algeria there were two to three generations per
year. The adult emerged from the oötheca through a hole 4 mm. in
diameter. (Cros, 1942.) Parthenogenesis exists; the unfertilized eggs
produced only males (Edmunds, 1954).
_Distribution._--Eastern U.S.A., from New York and Ohio south to Georgia
(Townes, 1949). Europe, Syria, Palestine (Kieffer, 1920).
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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