[Illustration: 3. Papyrus swamp on the Upper Nile. (_Courtesy of American Museum._)] [Illustration: 4. Chart of the sequence of predynastic and protodynastic remains by Dr. Helene J. Kantor.] [Illustration: 5. Sculptured trough, Protoliterate Period.] [Illustration: 6. Marsh Arabs in Southern Iraq.] [Illustration: 7. Clay objects of the Al Ubaid period, from Tell Uqair.] [Illustration: 8. The “White Temple” on its ziggurat at Erech.] [Illustration: 9. Semi-engaged columns covered with cone mosaic, Erech.] [Illustration: 10. Colonnade on platform, Erech.] [Illustration: 11. The Ishtar ziggurat at Erech in Assyrian times.] [Illustration: 12. Fertility god on cult-relief, from Assur.] [Illustration: 13. The development of Mesopotamian writing. (arbitrary tokens are not included in column A.—See p. 58 f.)] Columns: A _Original pictograph_ B _Pictograph in position of later cuneiform_ C _Early Babylonian_ D _Assyrian_ E _Original or derived meaning_ Rows: _1_ bird _2_ fish _3_ donkey _4_ ox _5_ sun, day _6_ grain _7_ orchard _8_ to plow, to till _9_ boomerang, to throw, to throw down _10_ to stand, to go [Illustration: 14-16. Seal impressions of the Protoliterate period.] [Illustration: 14] [Illustration: 15] [Illustration: 16] [Illustration: 17-18. Stone ram of the Protoliterate period, Yale Babylonian Collection.] [Illustration: 17] [Illustration: 18] [Illustration: 19. Early Dynastic temple at Khafajah.] [Illustration: 20. Early Dynastic copper model of a chariot, from Tell Agrab.] [Illustration: 21. Early Dynastic figure, from Khafajah.] [Illustration: 22. Bronze head of an Akkadian ruler.] [Illustration: 23-24. Knife handle, from Gebel el Arak.] [Illustration: 23] [Illustration: 24] [Illustration: 25. The Hunters’ palette.] [Illustration: 26. Macehead of king “Scorpion.”] [Illustration: 27. Reverse of King Narmer’s palette.] [Illustration: 28. Obverse of King Narmer’s palette.] [Illustration: 29. Harvesting scenes from the tomb of Ti, Old Kingdom.] [Illustration: 30. Agricultural scenes, from the tomb of Menna, New Kingdom.] [Illustration: 31. Plan of workmen’s village at Tell el Amarna.] [Illustration: 32-34. Impressions of cylinders: 32, found in Egypt, 33 and 34, in Iraq.] [Illustration: 32] [Illustration: 33] [Illustration: 34] [Illustration: 35-39. Protodynastic cylinders and impressions, from Egypt.] [Illustration: 35] [Illustration: 36] [Illustration: 37] [Illustration: 38] [Illustration: 39] [Illustration: 40-41. Flint knife with handle of gold-foil, from Gebel el Tarif.] [Illustration: 42. Mesopotamian seal impression (right) and Egyptian First Dynasty buildings (left).]