The physical effects of such underfeeding cannot be easily overestimated. No fact has been more thoroughly established than the physical superiority of the children of the well-to-do classes over their less fortunate fellows. In Moscow, N.V. Zark, a famous Russian authority, found that at all ages the boys attending the Real schools and the Classical Gymnasium are superior in height and weight to peasant boys.[54] In Leipzic, children paying 18 marks school fees are superior in height and weight to those paying only 9, and gymnasium boys are superior to those of the lower Real and Burger schools.[55] Studies in Stockholm and Turin show the same general results, the poorer children being invariably shorter, lighter, and smaller of chest. The British Anthropometric Committee found that English boys at ten in the Industrial Schools were 3.31 inches shorter and 10.64 pounds lighter than children of the well-to-do classes, while at fourteen years the differences in height and weight were 6.65 inches and 21.85 pounds, respectively.[56] Dr. Charles W. Roberts gives some striking results of the examination of 19,846 English boys and men.[57] Of these, 5915 belong to the non-laboring classes of the English population, namely, public school boys, naval and military cadets, medical and university students. The remaining 13,931 belong to the artisan class. The difference in height, weight, and chest girth, from thirteen to sixteen years of age, is as follows:— AVERAGE HEIGHT IN INCHES ═══════════════════════╤═══════════╤═══════════╤═══════════╤═══════════ Age │ 13 │ 14 │ 15 │ 16 ───────────────────────┼───────────┼───────────┼───────────┼─────────── Non-laboring class │ 58.79│ 61.11│ 63.47│ 66.40 Artisan class │ 55.93│ 57.76│ 60.58│ 62.93 ───────────────────────┼───────────┼───────────┼───────────┼─────────── Difference │ 2.66│ 3.35│ 2.89│ 3.47 ═══════════════════════╧═══════════╧═══════════╧═══════════╧═══════════ AVERAGE WEIGHT IN POUNDS ═══════════════════════╤═══════════╤═══════════╤═══════════╤═══════════ Age │ 13 │ 14 │ 15 │ 16 ───────────────────────┼───────────┼───────────┼───────────┼─────────── Non-laboring class │ 88.60│ 99.21│ 110.42│ 128.34 Artisan class │ 78.27│ 84.61│ 96.79│ 108.70 ───────────────────────┼───────────┼───────────┼───────────┼─────────── Difference │ 10.33│ 14.60│ 13.63│ 19.64 ═══════════════════════╧═══════════╧═══════════╧═══════════╧═══════════ AVERAGE CHEST GIRTH IN INCHES