[456] See Freytag’s _Lex. Arab. Lat._, s. v. [457] See Lane’s _Arab.-Eng. Lex._, s. v. [458] In the Chinese language, likewise, “the word for faithfulness means both to be trustworthy, and also to trust to, and refers chiefly to friendship.” (Edkins’s _Relig. in China_, p. 118.) [459] The Rabbis give a preeminent place to circumcision as the rite by which Abraham became the Friend of God. They say (see citations from the Talmud, in _Nethivoth Olam_, p. 367): “Abraham was not called perfect before he was circumcised; and because of the merit of circumcision was the covenant made with him concerning the inheritance of the Land. It [circumcision] also saves from the punishment of hell; for our sages have said, that Abraham sits at the gates of hell and suffers no one to enter in there who is circumcised.” [460] James 2 : 23. [461] Exod. 4 : 21-23. [462] Exod. 4 : 25, 26. [463] See Fuerst’s _Heb. Chald. Lex._, s. v. [464] See Deut. 22 : 13-21. To this day, in the East, an exhibit of blood-stains, as the indubitable proof of a consummated covenant of marriage, is common. See Niebuhr’s _Beschreibung von Arabien_, pp. 35-39; Burckhardt’s _Arabic Proverbs_, p. 140; Lane’s _Mod. Egypt._, I., 221, note. [465] See Lane, and Freytag, s. vv., _Khatan_, _Khatana_. [466] Gen. 22 : 1, 2. [467] “Heaven awaits not one who is destitute of a son,” say the Brahmans (See page 194, _supra_). See, also, e. g., Thomson’s _Land and Book_, I., 177; Roberts’s _Orient. Ill._, p. 53 f., Ginsburg’s “Illustrations,” in _Bible Educator_, I., 30; Lane’s _Mod. Egypt._, I., 68. Livingstone’s _Trav. and Res. in So. Af._, p. 140; Pierotti’s _Cust. and Trad. of Pal._, pp. 177 f., 190 f. [468] See illustrations of this error in Tylor’s _Prim. Cult._, II., 403. [469] See page 185 f., _supra_. [470] See page 119 f., _supra_. [471] See page 120, _supra_. [472] See page 117, _supra_. [473] See page 118 f., 120 f., _supra_. [474] See discussions of this point, by Hengstenberg, Kurtz, Oehler, Ewald, Kuenen, Lange, Keil and Delitzsch, Stanley, Mozeley, etc. [475] John 15 : 13. [476] Heb. 11 : 17-19. [477] Gen. 22 : 15-18. [478] James 2 : 21-23. [479] See Exod. 4 : 9; 7 : 17-21. [480] See Exod. 12 : 1-6. [481] See a reference to a similar custom in China, at page 153, _supra_. [482] Exod. 12 : 7-13. [483] See, again, at pages 154, _supra_. [484] See page 7 f., _supra_. [485] See page 81 f., _supra_. It is, indeed, by no means improbable, that the Hebrew word tôtaphôth (טוֹטָפוֹת), translated “frontlets,” as applied to the phylacteries was an Egyptian word. Its etymology has been a puzzle to the critics. [486] See Exod. 13 : 11-16. [487] See references to _Zohar_, Pt. II., Fol. 2, by Farrar, in Smith-Hackett’s _Bible Dictionary_, Art. “Frontlets.” [488] Smith-Hackett’s _Bib. Dict._, Art. “Frontlets.”