The Body at Work: A Treatise on the Principles of PhysiologyHill, Alex
Science
The Body at Work: A Treatise on the Principles of Physiology
Hill, Alex
Physiology
=Conditions Requisite for Normal Digestion.=—When M. Chevreul,
Professor of Chemistry at the Jardins des Plantes of Paris, attained
his hundredth year, an interviewer very naturally inquired of him,
“Have you always had a good digestion?” To this the still vigorous
Professor answered: “I really cannot say, for I have never noticed.”
So long as it is well used, the stomach is an unobtrusive organ. It is
tyrannical when it deems itself the victim of inconsiderate treatment.
A study of its physiology serves to show that it will work contentedly
only upon certain clearly defined terms, of which the following are
perhaps the most important: The stomach exacts due warning that its
services are wanted. The nerves of smell and taste must announce the
approach of food and guarantee its quality. “What may I eat?” asked
a large-framed, strenuous, eager, overworked barrister of a great
physician. “Eat, sir? You may eat whatever you like. But be quite
sure that you do like it.” Wise advice. The human race would not have
developed its strong preferences for certain kinds of food if all foods
were equally suitable to satisfy its needs. Taste is not a matter of
fashion. It is the expression of the experience of mankind. Fanciful
as civilization has made us, and easily as appetite is perverted, if
we are sure that we really like, and want, a food, we may trust that
our liking will guide us as safely as it guides a buffalo or a deer.
“Eat what you like.” Eating with liking carries with it the idea
of obtaining the maximum of satisfaction from the exercise of this
necessary function. Most things which are reckoned unwholesome are full
in flavour or rich in consistency. They satisfy the palate when spread
out very thin. It is poor economy to help oneself to caviare with a
table-spoon. In the second place, the stomach must be assured that the
teeth are doing their proper share of work. Among the many half-truths
which every year are exalted to the level of a revelation or a rule of
conduct is the doctrine of the “chewers”—persons who take no meals,
but industriously and almost continuously masticate nuts and biscuits.
Thirdly, the meal must not be so large that the stomach cannot deal
with it “at a sitting.” In from two to three hours the last of the food
should have passed through the pylorus, allowing the stomach to rest
before it is called into activity again. As proteins are practically
the only foods which are digested in the stomach, the work required of
this organ depends upon the quantity of proteins present amongst the
constituents of a meal. Meat is the food richest in proteins, although
bread, vegetables, milk, cheese also yield them. Some people can digest
three meat meals every day; but others, probably the majority, find
that it is unwise to take any considerable quantity of meat more than
once in twenty-four hours. It is only when the cells of the gastric
glands have accumulated a store of pepsinogen-granules that proteid
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