At the opening of the eighteenth century the aggressive Continental policy of Louis XIV. involved Europe in the “War of the Spanish Succession.” The French king’s armies were shattered by repeated blows at the hands of Marlborough and Eugene, but he finally obtained his primary object, the recognition of his grandson as king of Spain. The threat of a Hapsburg domination passed into the threat of a Bourbon domination. In the east of Europe a final limit was set to the Ottoman aggression. In Britain, the incorporation of Scotland was completed, formally by the Union of 1707, effectively by the suppression of Jacobitism in 1746. +--------------------------------------------------------------------+ | TIME-TABLE OF THE WORLD: A.D. 1500 to 1700 | | | | New World Entered, and East Re-entered. The Reformation. | | Organisation of European Nations under Absolute Monarchies. | | Constitutional Struggle in England. English Naval Supremacy | +-----+--------------------------+-----------------------------+-----+ |A.D. | Asia and Africa | Europe and America |A.D. | |1500 | | |1500 | | | The New World bestowed | Raphael, Michael Angelo, | | | | on Spain and Portugal | and Titian. | | | | by the Bull of Pope | Rivalry of Henry VIII. | | | | Alexander VI. | (1509-47), Francis I. | | | | Portuguese dominion | (1515-47), and Charles V. | | | | established in the | (1519-56), who combines | | | | Indian seas by | Spain, Burgundy, and the | | | | Albuquerque. | Empire. | | | | Conquest of Egypt by | Luther challenges the | | | | Ottoman Turks. | Papacy, 1517-20. | | | | Safid dynasty in Persia | The Reformation era opens. | | | | (“The Sofy”). | | | |1520 +--------------------------+-----------------------------+1520 | | | First circumnavigation | Turkish advance under | | | | completed, 1522. | Solyman the Magnificent. | | | | Invasion of Hindostan | Gustavus Vasa in Sweden, | | | | (Northern India) by | 1523-60. | | | | Baber, the first | Spain conquers Mexico (1520)| | | | “Mogul” emperor, 1526. | Peru (1533). | | | | Expulsion of Moguls: | REFORMATION: Subjection | | | | dynasty of Sher Shah | of Church to Crown | | | | at Delhi, 1540. | (England). Confession of | | | | | Augsburg: Protestant | |