Charlemagne, son of Pippin, King of the Franks in Germany and Gaul, was crowned in 768, conquered Lombardy in 774, calling himself “King of the Franks and Lombards and Patrician of the Romans.” His empire was divided after his death; from it emerged modern France and Germany. His coronation by the Pope at Rome (A.D. 800) originated the idea of the Holy Roman Empire. ---------------------------------------------------------------- [Illustration] JAPAN CHINESE EMPIRE {BRITISH {INDIAN {EMPIRE AFGHANISTAN PERSIA ARABIA EGYPT TURKEY {BALKAN {STATES GREECE RUSSIAN EMPIRE ITALY AUSTRO-HUNGARY GERMAN EMPIRE BELGIUM HOLLAND SWITZERLAND FRANCE PORTUGAL {SOUTH {AMERICAN {STATES SPAIN MEXICO MOROCCO GREAT BRITAIN & IRELAND UNITED STATES DENMARK NORWAY SWEDEN ---------------------------------------------------------------- Disintegration of the Empire of the Caliphs, and rise in Asia Minor of the Seljuk Turks, making war against the Byzantine Empire and the Crusaders, and conquering Egypt. India is invaded by Mohammedan Afghan rulers, who eventually establish a dynasty at Delhi. ---------------------------------------------------------------- The Kingdoms of Hungary, Bohemia, and Poland, converted to Christianity in the tenth century, come into increasing prominence. The Kings of Castile, Navarre, Aragon and Portugal war against the Moors, who (A.D. 1248) are restricted to Granada. The Mamelukes (Slave kings) conquer Egypt (1252). Switzerland attains independence. ---------------------------------------------------------------- Failure of England to absorb Scotland, or to conquer France. The Hundred Years’ War. ---------------------------------------------------------------- The Turks capture Constantinople (1453). The Netherlands (Burgundy) united to the House of Hapsburg. (1477). Spain united; overthrow of the Moorish dominion. ---------------------------------------------------------------- Bohemia and Hungary united to Austria. Spain and Portugal take possession of the New World. Mogul Empire established in Hindostan. The Reformation leads to revolt of the Netherlands from Spain; Spain absorbs Portugal. ---------------------------------------------------------------- Union of English and Scottish crowns (1603); followed by legislative union (1707). Disruption of Germany in the Thirty Years’ War. Establishment of English Colonies in America. Portugal recovers independence. ----------------------------------------------------------------