On the other hand, according to Von Zittel’s description, an immigration of cold-loving land animals took place, which at the present day live either in the Far North or on the wild Asiatic steppes, or in the high mountain ranges. These new immigrants mixed with the surviving forms of the older drift fauna. The latter lived, as we have seen, by no means in a warm climate, but only in a temperate “northerly” one, even in the warmer periods of the epoch. So we can understand that many of this older animal community were well able to adapt themselves to colder climatic conditions, and among them two of the large Drift pachydermata, the elephant and rhinoceros, whose kin we now find only in the warmest climes. But a thick woolly coat made these two Drift animals well fitted to defy a raw climate--namely, the woolly-haired mammoth, _Elephas primigenius_, one of the two Drift species of elephants of Europe, and the woolly-haired rhinoceros, _Rhinoceros antiquitatis_. A second species of rhinoceros, _Rhinoceros merckii_, was also preserved, and maintained its region of distribution. The horse was now more largely distributed, and inhabited the plains in herds; but, above all, the reindeer immigrated along with other animals that now belong only to Far Northern and Arctic regions, and pastured in large herds at the edges of the glaciers. With the reindeer, although less frequent, was the musk-ox of the Far North, besides many other cold-loving species, such as the lemming, snow-mouse, glutton, ermine, and Arctic fox. Many of the animal forms that were very frequent then, in the Drift Period, appear now in Central Europe only as Alpine dwellers, living on the borders of eternal snow, such as the ibex, chamois, marmot, and Alpine hare. [Sidenote: The Animal Invasion of Europe] [Sidenote: The Change of the Ice Age Climate]