High above the first town, a deep layer of débris, is the level surface of the second town, which must at least be dated back to the second half of the third millennium before Christ. It was the first period of Troy’s glory. Mighty walls protected the citadel. Three different building periods may be distinguished. The walls were brought out a long way and strengthened, and magnificent new gates were built. During the third period of this second city a prince, fond of splendour, had the old narrow gateway replaced by magnificent propylæa and a large hall-erection with a vestibule. A great conflagration destroyed his citadel. A treasure was found by Schliemann--he called it Priam’s treasure--in the upper part of the citadel wall, which was made of straw bricks. The tools of the second city are still partly of stone, but also partly of bronze, so that they already belong to the Bronze Age. [Illustration: THE EXCAVATIONS AT TROY: REVEALING THE WALL OF THE ACROPOLIS A view of the great substruction wall of the acropolis of the second city of Troy, on the west side, close to the south-west gate: (a) is the paved road, which leads from the S.W. gate down to the plain; (b) is the continuation of the great acropolis-wall of the second city on the west side of the S.W. gate; (c) is the foundation of the paved road and the quadrangular pier to strengthen it; (d) marks the masonry added by the third settlers. ] [Sidenote: The Early Culture of Troy] The general character of culture is, according to Furtwängler, still essentially Central European. And yet many an individuality has developed, and the influence of Babylonian culture is everywhere apparent, although it does not go very deep. To this influence our authority chiefly attributes the occurrence of a few pots turned on the wheel, especially flat dishes; for the potter’s wheel was still quite unknown at that time in Europe, and even at a post so far advanced toward the East as Cyprus, while in Egypt and Babylonia it had been in use from the earliest times. In this period also Troy inclines more to Central Europe as its centre of gravity, but remains far behind the peculiar development that bronze work attained there; in the metal tools no advance is made on the forms of the Copper Period. Into any close relation with Cyprus it does not come; only the basis of their culture is common to both. But this basis had a wide range, relics from German districts being often more closely related to the Trojan ones than are those from Cyprus. [Illustration: TROY: THE GREAT TOWER OF ILIUM The top of the tower is 26 ft. below the surface of the hill. The foundation is on the rock 46 ft. deep; the height of the tower is 20 ft. ]