of color and surface of which the material is capable. [Illustration: molluscs and plants] FOOTNOTE: [7] It does not follow that these creatures are conscious of this pressure, any more than we are of the pressure upon us of the fourteen pounds to the square inch of our atmosphere. The point is that they _do_ feel it when they rise upward to a point where the pressure is distinctly less, just as we are conscious of a difference when we ascend in a balloon or climb a very high mountain, and after a time we find that we cannot go any farther. Land animals therefore have a vertical limit to their distribution as well as sea animals, and for analogous reasons.—E. I. [Illustration: Page heading decoration] INDEX OF ILLUSTRATIONS _Adler_ at Samoa, 200. Agalma elegans, 264. _Alabama_, the, in action, 136, 158. Algæ, typical, 252, 254. _Almirante Cochrane_, in action with _Huascar_, 141. _America_, the yacht, 158, 195. Antarctic scenery, 101. Ardois night-signals at sea, 205. Argonaut shell, 274. Armada, style of ships of the, 115. Balloon-sail, 158, 186. Battle-ships, modern steel, 134, 142, 144, 147, 150, 153. See also LINE-OF-BATTLE SHIPS. Beam-trawl for deep-sea dredging, 261. Biremes, Roman, 42. See GALLEYS. Boat-davits, 223, 232. _Bon Homme Richard_, the, 182. Bottle-fish, the, 263. Bowsprit, the, and its rigs, 38, 63, 113, 120, 158, 175. See CUTTERS and SLOOPS. Breeches-buoy, method of using, 229. Buckeye, or “bugeye,” a, 198. Buoys, 225, 226, 227. _Cambria_, model of, 195. Cameos, shell used for, 270. Can-buoys, 225. Canoes, 28, 37, 45, 198. Caravels, 35, 61, 63, 65, 76. Carronade, an old, 185. Cassis, a typical, 270. “Castles,” fore and aft, on ancient ships, 35, 57, 63, 65, 112, 113, 115, 119. Catboat, a Newport, 195. Center-board boats, models of, 195. Chain-plates, 172. Channels, 172. Chart, an early, 54. Chinese boats, 32. Compare MALAY BOATS. Clewed-up, mainsails, 120, 184. Clipper-ship, a, 158, 164. Coast, destruction of, by the sea, 3, 5, 7, 10, 15, 58. Collision, scene in a, 202. _Columbia_, the, 146. Columbus, Christopher, flag-ship of, 63. Columbus, Christopher, statue of, 60. _Constellation_, 184. _Constitution_ frigate, 106, 132. Costumes of mariners, 117, 123, 142, 147, 157, 172, 179. Cruisers, modern steel, 146, 150, 154, 205. Crustaceans of the deep sea, 273. Cutters, 188, 191, 193. Day-marks (for pilots), 225. Deck scenes, modern, 142, 147, 154, 164, 261. Deck scenes on old-time vessels, 117, 130. Deep-sea dredging apparatus, 261. Diatoms, 257. Diving-dress, 258. Driver (sail). See SPANKER. Dynamite-cruiser, in action, 154. Earthquake waves, 18, 21. _El Chico_, model of, 195. Eskimos in summer, 83.