The "Kalandar" disfigures himself in this manner to show "mortification." Footnote 169: Arab. "Gharíb:" the porter is offended because the word implies "poor devil;" esp. one out of his own country. Footnote 170: A religious mendicant generally. Footnote 171: Very scandalous to Moslem "respectability": Mohammed said the house was accursed when the voices of women could be heard out of doors. Moreover the neighbours have a right to interfere and abate the scandal. Footnote 172: I need hardly say that these are both historical personages; they will often be mentioned, and Ja'afar will be noticed in the terminal Essay. Footnote 173: Arab. "Sama'an wa tá'atan;" a popular phrase of assent generally translated "to hear is to obey;" but this formula may be and must be greatly varied. In places it means "Hearing (the word of Allah) and obeying" (His prophet, viceregent, etc.) Footnote 174: Arab. "Sawáb"=reward in Heaven. This word for which we have no equivalent has been naturalised in all tongues (_e.g._ Hindostani) spoken by Moslems. Footnote 175: Wine-drinking, at all times forbidden to Moslems, vitiates the Pilgrimage-rite: the Pilgrim is vowed to a strict observance of the ceremonial law and many men date their "reformation" from the "Hajj." Pilgrimage, iii., 126. Footnote 176: Here some change has been necessary; as the original text confuses the three "ladies." Footnote 177: In Arab-the plural masc. is used by way of modesty when a girl addresses her lover; and for the same reason she speaks of herself as a man. Footnote 178: Arab. "Al-Na'im;" in full "Jannat al-Na'im"=the Garden of Delights, _i.e._ the fifth Heaven made of white silver. The generic name of Heaven (the place of reward) is "Jannat," lit. a garden; "Firdaus" being evidently derived from the Persian through the Greek παράδεισος, and meaning a chase, a hunting-park. Writers on this subject should bear in mind Mandeville's modesty, "Of Paradise I cannot speak properly, for I was not there." Footnote 179: Arab. "Mikra'ah," the dried mid-rib of a date-frond used for many purposes, especially the bastinado. Footnote 180: According to Lane (i., 229) these and the immediately following verses are from an ode by Ibn Sahl al-Ishbili. They are in the Bul. Edit. not the Mac. Edit. Footnote 181: The original is full of conceits and plays on words which are not easily rendered in English. Footnote 182: Arab. "Tarjumán," same root as Chald. Targum (=a translation), the old "Truchman," and through the Ital. "tergomano" our "Dragoman;" here a messenger. Footnote 183: Lit. the "person of the eyes," our "babe of the eyes," a favourite poetical conceit in all tongues; much used by the Elizabethans, but now neglected as a silly kind of conceit. See Night ccix. Footnote 184: