After considerable thickening by this evaporation, minute crystals begin to form. When sufficient of these have formed, fresh juice is drawn in and the crystals grow, the operator governing the size of the crystals to suit the trade. If small crystals be desired, a large quantity of juice is admitted at the outset, while if large crystals are desired, a small quantity of juice first is admitted, and, as it boils to crystals, fresh juice gradually is added to the pan, and the crystals are built up to the desired size. The operator of this pan, known as the “sugar boiler,” is one of the must important men in the factory. The water furnished the condensers of these vacuum pans and the evaporator goes to the beet sheds and is used for floating in the beets. It amounts to from 3,000,000 to 8,000,000 gallons every 24 hours, depending upon the size of the factory, and must be very pure.] [Illustration: HOW SUGAR IS GRANULATED FRONT VIEW OF CENTRIFUGAL MACHINES. The mass of crystals with syrup around them and containing about 8 per cent to 10 per cent of water is let out of the vacuum pan into a large open vessel called a mixer, beneath which are the centrifugal machines. These are suspended brass drums perforated with holes and lined with a fine screen. They are made to revolve about 1000 times to a minute, and the crystal mass of sugar rises up the side like water in a whirling bucket. The centrifugals force the syrup out through the screen holes, leaving the white crystals of sugar in a thick layer on the inner surface. These are washed with a spray of pure warm water and then are ready for the dryer.] [Illustration: SUGAR GRANULATOR OR DRYER. The damp white crystals from the centrifugal machine are conveyed to horizontal revolving drums about 25 feet long by 5 to 6 feet in diameter. These drums are furnished with paddles on the inside circumference, the paddles picking the sugar up and dropping it in showers as the drum revolves. Warm dry air is drawn through and takes the moisture out of the sugar, which now is ready to be put in bags or barrels for the market.] [Illustration: BY-PRODUCTS OF THE SUGAR BEET CRYSTALLIZERS.