We come now to deal with the books of the Apocrypha. As far as possible we shall take these in chronological order, though it will be recognized that certitude in this matter is not to be expected. There are different opinions regarding the dates of most of the books, and in some cases the _data_ for coming to a conclusion are too scanty to allow of anything approaching confidence in the correctness of the date assigned. Moreover, as to some of the books, different parts belong to different periods; this can be proved even though one cannot be sure of the exact date of each part. Then there is the further difficulty regarding the question as to whether a particular book, as we now have it, approximates to its original form, and if there is reason to believe that this is not the case, as to the date of the original as well as that of its present form. The plan here followed is to take the books in the order of the dates of their original form (as far as this can be ascertained), even though parts of a book belong to a later date, which will, of course, be notified. It will also be wiser to assign a period rather than a fixed date, excepting in the one case, that of Ecclesiasticus, where the date of the original can be fixed to within a decade or so with reasonable certainty. The books belonging to a particular period are put in chronological order within that period. The following table will show this: Ecclesiasticus, _circa_ B.C. 180. Pharisaic recension, B.C. 100-50. Tobit. Pre-Maccabæan. Judith } Additions to Daniel (excepting } Maccabæan, about the middle of the Prayer of Azarias which } the second century B.C. is pre-Maccabæan) } Rest of Esther } Prayer of Manasses } 1 Maccabees } Post-Maccabæan, _circa_ B.C. 110. 1 (3) Esdras } Wisdom. Earliest portion middle of first century B.C., latest portion beginning of first century A.D. 2 Maccabees. Beginning of first century A.D. Baruch and the Ep. } Incorporates some earlier of Jeremiah. } End of first material. 2 (4) Esdras } century A.D. Chaps. i. ii. xv. xvi. are } later. In quotations from these books the translation of Dr. Charles and his editors[343] has as a rule, but not always, been used. The original texts used are: Ecclesiasticus: for the Hebrew, Smend’s text (_Die Weisheit des Jesus Sirach, Hebräisch und Deutsch_, 1906); for the Greek, Swete’s text (_The Old Testament in Greek_, 1896), and Hart’s text of Cod. 248 (_Ecclesiasticus_, pp. 1-71, 1909). 2 (4) Esdras: for the Latin, Bensly and James’ text (_The Fourth Book of Ezra_, pp. 1-82, 1895). For the rest of the books, Swete’s text mentioned above.