As regards the Pharisaic teaching concerning the Law much stress cannot be laid on the few examples of its mention in the additions, for at the time when these were made[369] it is improbable that the antagonism between Pharisees and Sadducees on this point had fully developed; if it had, we should rightly expect to find it more strongly reflected in the additions; whereas, as a matter of fact, quite a few examples of the mention of the Law (or the commandments) occur in the additions; nevertheless, since the Law played such a very important part in Pharisaic teaching, its mention in the additions would naturally point to the hand of a Pharisee. In the addition which has been put in after xi. 14, the Law is referred to as a divine gift, and therefore (so it is implied) he who observes it by walking uprightly is making use of a Divine gift; on the other hand, to live without the Law is folly and darkness which is characteristic of sinners: Wisdom and insight and discernment of the Law Come from the Lord; Love and upright ways Come from the Lord; Folly and darkness have been formed for sinners, And as for evil-doers, evil abideth with them.[370] Again, in xxix. 19, after the first clause: The sinner falleth in his suretyship, occurs the addition: “Transgressing the commandments of the Lord.”[371] The reference is to evil men who, as the second line of the verse shows, are ruined because they become surety for evil purposes, i.e. for the sake of usurious practices; the addition was, therefore, made in order to emphasize the fact that this was a transgression of the Law. Finally, what Josephus says about the asceticism of the Pharisees is illustrated by the addition to xix. 5. The original text here runs: He that hath pleasure in wickedness shall be brought to destruction; an ascetic tendency is clearly discernible in the Pharisaic addition which says: And he that averteth his eye from pleasures crowneth his life. These examples will suffice, it may be hoped, to substantiate the contention that the numerous later additions which have for the most part been preserved in the cursive manuscripts mentioned above are the work of a Pharisee, or Pharisees. That these additions are post-Maccabæan goes without saying; but closer indications of date are not forthcoming, so that we cannot do more than say that they belong in all probability to the last century B.C. VIII. THE VALUE OF THE BOOK FOR THE STUDY OF THE NEW TESTAMENT