[LITERATURE.—Wellhausen, _Die Pharisäer und Sadduzäer_ (1874); Cohen, _Les Pharisiens_ (1877); Baneth, _Ursprung der Sadokäer und Boethusäer_ (1882); Schürer, II, ii. pp. 1-43 (1897), German ed., II, pp. 447-489 (1907); Bertholet, _Die Stellung der Israeliten zu den Fremden_ (1896); Elbogen, _Die Religionsanschauungen der Pharisäer_ ... (1904); M. Friedländer, _Die religiösen Bewegungen_ ..., pp. 22-113 (1905); O. Holtzmann, _Neutestamentliche Zeitgeschichte_, pp. 200-214 (1906); Hölscher, _Der Sadduzäismus_ (1906); Büchler, _Der galiläische Am-ha-Ares des zweiten Jahrhunderts_ (1906); Chwolson, _Das letzte Passamahl Christi_ ... [Appendix] (1908); Hart, _Ecclesiasticus_ ..., pp. 272-320 (1909); Chwolson, _Beiträge zur Entwickelungsgeschichte des Judentums_, pp. 1-54 (1910); Schechter, _Fragments of a Zadokite Work_ (vol. I of “Documents of Jewish Sectaries”) (1910); Oesterley and Box, _The Religion and Worship of the Synagogue_, pp. 120-139 (1911); Herford, _Pharisaism, its aim and its methods_ (1912); Leszynsky, _Die Sadduzäer_ (1912); Charles, II, pp. 785-834 (1913); Lauterbach, “The Sadducees and Pharisees”: A Study of their respective attitudes towards the Law; in _Studies in Jewish Literature_, issued in honour of Prof. Kaufmann Kohler, pp. 176-198 (1913); this essay is a part of a larger work on the Sadducees and Pharisees which the writer has in preparation. See also Büchler’s article on Schechter’s book, mentioned above, in _The Jewish Quarterly Review_, January, 1913, pp. 429-485.] I. THE MEANING OF THE TERMS “PHARISEES” AND “SADDUCEES” (_a_) _Pharisees._