E. Renan, By the Presbyter John and others, who Not by St. 1879. pretended that they were by St. John, John, but 120 A.D. circulated by him. C. Weizsäc- By a disciple Not by St. John nor by the Not by ker, 1886. of St. John. author of the Gospel. St. John. A. Harnack, The Gospel and Epistles all probably by By the 1897. the Presbyter John, who did not pretend Presbyter that they were by St. John, John, 80-110 A.D. 96 A.D. A. C. Uncertain. By the Uncertain. Possibly McGiffert, author by the 1897. of the Presbyter Gospel. John. B. W. By an All by another unknown By St. Bacon, unknown writer, A.D. 95-100 A.D. John. 1900. writer, 100-110 A.D. P. W. Not by St. By a By a third Possibly Schmiedel, John, nor second forger. by the 1901. by the forger. Presbyter Presbyter. John. {285} APPENDIX B PAPIAS AND JOHN THE PRESBYTER Papias, a Phrygian by birth, and Bishop of Hierapolis in Phrygia, wrote in the first half of the 2nd century a book called _Expositions of Oracles of the Lord_. Among the "Elders" whom Irenaeus quotes, Papias and Polycarp alone are called "ancient" (_archaios_--_Adv. Haer._ v. 33). This helps us to fix the date of Papias. For Polycarp died either in A.D. 155 or 156. He had been a Christian for eighty-six years, and was therefore born in A.D. 70 at the very latest. Papias was therefore probably born about A.D. 70. We know from Irenaeus that Polycarp was a disciple of St. John, and several ancient writers, including Irenaeus, expressly assert that Papias also was a hearer of St. John. Eusebius (_H. E._ iii. 39) says that "in his preface" Papias does not declare that he was an "eye-witness of the holy _apostles_." But Eusebius in his Chronicle (_Syncell._ 655, 14) plainly says that Papias, like Polycarp, was a "hearer" of John the Divine and Apostle. The preface of Papias, which Eusebius transcribes, mentions John the Presbyter. The following is a literal translation of it:--