large quantities of liquids, as, for example, in the distillation of spirit, are generally made of copper tinned inside to prevent the formation of verdigris, and consist of a body, a head, and a condenser, the common form of which is seen at fig. 2. The condenser consists of a long tube coiled up into a spiral and placed in a large tub of water, having a supply tube to let in cold water at the bottom, and one for the exit of the hot water at the top, for hot water being lighter than cold, rises up to the top of the tub. A very good form for a small portable condenser may be seen at fig. 3, in which a constant current of cold water is made to pass through the outer tube, and so keep the inner one cold. Illustration: FIG. 4. (‡ FLASKS AND BENT TUBE.) Illustration: FIG. 5. (‡ TWO TUBES.) A distilling apparatus for experiments in chemistry can easily be made with flasks and bent glass tubes, fig. 4, or even by means of pieces of tube alone as in fig. 5, one being bent and the other straight; the tubes and flasks can be united by means of corks perforated by a round or keyhole file. Empty oil-flasks serve well for this purpose, they can readily be cleansed by putting a little oil of vitriol into them, shaking it well about, and then washing them out with clean water. BLOWPIPES. Illustration: _a._ (‡ COMMON BLOWPIPE.) Illustration: _b._ (‡ RESERVOIR BLOWPIPE.) Illustration: _c._ (‡ RESERVOIR BLOWPIPE.) Illustration: _d._ (‡ HOME-MADE BLOWPIPE.)