The sheets of which a book is to be made, when properly folded (into half for folio, quarter for quarto, &c.) are pressed flat in a press and then placed, one or more at a time, on a board behind a frame called a “sewing-press” (fig. 1), which has pieces of string or cord (called bands) tied in an upright position, and against these the folded edge of the sheet is brought in such a manner that the bands may be sewn on to the back of the sheet by a thread being passed from the inner part of the folded sheet to one side of the string, then in again on the other, and so on for each cord till they are fastened on to the first sheet, when another is placed on the top of the first and sewed in the same way. Illustration: FIG. 2. (‡ PLOUGH.) When all are sewn, the back is glued thickly over, and the book is fixed between two boards in a press and the back beaten till it is curved; the sides and front are then cut smooth with an instrument called a plough (fig. 2), which works in the grooves of a press where the book is fixed, and a knife (which forms part of the plough) being passed backwards and forwards, cuts through the edges of the book and makes them smooth. Illustration: FIG. 3. (‡ CUTTING WITH SHEARS.) Illustration: FIG. 4. (‡ ENGRAVED TOOLS.) The covers--made of a thick pasteboard called “millboard,” and cut to the right size by shears (fig. 3)--are fitted to the sides of the book, the ends of the string-bands are then passed through holes in the sides of the boards, and are beaten flat and glued down. The book is then covered with cloth, vellum, paper, or leather, as desired, and finally pressed in a powerful press to make the leaves smooth. Ornaments, such as gilt bands or corner decorations, are produced by gold-leaf put on and stamped by means of tools engraved at their ends, or, where the margin is to have a pattern or line on it, by means of wheels with engraved edges (fig. 4). Leather-backed books are glazed on the outside with white of eggs, which forms a kind of varnish when dry. Illustration: FIG. 5. (‡ BOOK MOULD.) Illustration: FIG. 6. (‡ GLUED BACKING.) Illustration: FIG. 7. (‡ SEWN BACKING.)