The chief object of bleaching is to get rid of the natural coloring matter which always tinges cotton, silk, &c., as produced from the raw material, and also to get rid of any greasy matters, or stains from accidental causes. Cotton is not only required to be bleached when intended to remain white, but also before dyeing or printing, the colors being thereby rendered more uniform and brilliant. The oldest method of bleaching consisted in simply exposing the goods, moistened with water, to the action of light and air, by spreading them out on the grass, and hence the term “grass-bleached;” but this is by far too tedious a process for the present day, when the manufacture is so great and the consumption so rapid. The process of bleaching cotton goods consists in boiling them first in water, then in a mixture of lime and water, and then in a solution of soda, soaking them in a solution of chloride of lime, afterwards in water acidulated with sulphuric acid, and finally in pure water. Linens are chiefly bleached by repeated boilings in solutions of potash or pearlash, and afterwards in chloride of lime; wool by soaking in warm water, exposing it to the vapour of sulphur, and finally washing in a solution of soft soap. Illustration: SINGEING APPARATUS. Illustration: DRYING APPARATUS. Before being printed, it is necessary that all the loose fibres should be removed from the surface of the goods. This is effected by “singeing,” which is done by causing the goods to pass over a red-hot roller, setting fire to the fine fibres projecting from the surface only, but with a motion too rapid to allow the fabric to be scorched. This process, and also the apparatus by which the articles are dried after bleaching, are shown in the accompanying illustrations. The latter consists of a series of hollow rollers heated by steam, over which the goods to be dried are passed, a current of air being admitted to carry off the vapour. CALICO-PRINTING. Illustration: CALICO-PRINTING WORKS. Illustration: FIG. 1. (‡ PRINTING SCHEMATIC.)