First, the difference between conductors and non-conductors is admirably shown by rubbing a bit of sealing-wax against a piece of woollen cloth or flannel; on bringing the wax to the brass disc of the electroscope the gold leaves no longer hang quietly side by side, but stand out and repel each other, in obedience to the law "_that bodies similarly electrified repel each other_." If the brass cap is touched whilst the leaves are in this electrical state, they fall again to their original position, showing that sealing-wax, after being excited, retains its electrical condition, as also the gold leaves, because they are supported on glass, or what is termed _insulated_--_i.e._, cut off from conducting communication with surrounding objects. When, however, the sealing-wax is passed through a damp hand, or the brass disc of the electroscope touched, the electricity is conveyed away to the earth, because the human body is a conductor of electricity. _Eighth Experiment._ When a brass wire is rubbed and brought to the electroscope, the leaves do not move, in consequence of the electricity passing away to the earth through the body as fast as it is generated: it is just like pouring water into a leaky cistern; but if the brass wire is tied to a long stick of sealing-wax, and this latter held in the hand whilst the wire is rubbed with a bit of flannel, then the gold leaves of the electroscope are affected, on account of the insulation of the metal, as every substance which can be rubbed (even fluids, as water) produces electricity. [Page 180] _Ninth Experiment._ An insulating stool is merely a piece of strong square board, supported on glass legs, which should be well varnished. If the assistant stands on this stool and touches the disc of the electroscope, no movement of the leaves takes place until his coat is briskly struck with a piece of dry silk or skin, when the usual repulsion occurs. [Illustration: Fig. 165. Assistant standing on the insulating stool and touching the disc of the electroscope whilst being struck with a dry handkerchief.] _Tenth Experiment._ If a little powdered chalk is placed inside a pair of bellows, and then forcibly ejected on to the disc of the electroscope, the friction of the particles of chalk against the inside of the nozzle of the bellows and against the disc of the instrument soon liberates sufficient electricity to cause the gold leaves to stand out and repel each other. _Eleventh Experiment._