white canvas over the seams of their jackets by way of ornamentation, and to adorn them with as many buttons as possible. Pigtails were in full fashion and of a portentous length and stiffness, leading to the adoption of the square "sailor collar" to protect the cloth jackets from grease. But though a regulation uniform had been prescribed for officers there was no strict regulation as to the seaman's dress before 1857, an exact reversal of the previous state of things. In the early part of the nineteenth century captains very often dressed their crews in "fancy rigs", but the short jacket, trousers taut on the hips and long and loose in the legs, with a straw or tarpaulin hat--now with a flat brim and lower crown--remained the general costume of the British sailor until, after the introduction of continuous service, a regulation uniform was laid down, as mentioned above. The marines, who had originally been under the War Office, and had worn different facings in their different regiments, were, in 1755, formed into the present corps under the Admiralty and dressed in red with white facings, which were changed to blue in 1802 on the occasion of the distinction "Royal" being granted them, on the representations of Lord St. Vincent, as a recognition of their services both in action and in the suppression of various disorders in the fleet. One more change was made in the uniform of naval officers, by William IV, who instituted red facings. It was a temporary one only, for in about ten years the navy was glad to be allowed to resume the time-honoured blue and white. FOOTNOTES: [19] Purchased about 1544, probably from the Hansa. [20] Seeling means literally to "roll from side to side", but it is evidently here used for the sides themselves. [21] As guns of these days were called after animals and birds, the "musket" received its name from "mosquito". [22] The Elizabethan seamen, and indeed their successors, must have inherited somewhat of the old Viking Berserkers' dislike of defensive armour, or any equipment limiting bodily activity. Sir Richard Hawkins complained in 1593 that though he had with him in his expedition to the South Seas "great preparation of armour, as well of proofe as of light corsletts, yet not a man would use them ". [23] Law's _Memorialls_. [24] Chapter VI. CHAPTER VIII The "Turks" in the Channel "All, all asleep within each roof, along the rocky street, And these must be the lovers' friends, with gently sliding feet-- A stifled gasp! a dreary noise! 'The roof is in a flame!' From out their beds, and to their doors, rush maid, and sire, and dame-- And meet, upon the threshold stone, the gleaming sabre's fall, And o'er each black and bearded face the white or crimson shawl-- The yell of 'Allah!' breaks above the prayer and shriek and roar-- Oh, blessed God! The Algerine is lord of Baltimore!" _The Sack of Baltimore_, by THOMAS OSBORNE DAVIS.