[238] Name Office Mr. Herbert Gladstone Home Secretary Mr. Lloyd George President of Board of Trade Mr. Thos. Lough Parliamentary Sec'y of Board of Education Mr. R. McKenna Financial Secretary to Treasury Mr. J. A. Pease Junior Lord of Treasury Mr. J. Herbert Lewis Junior Lord of Treasury Captain Cecil Norton Junior Lord of Treasury Mr. F. Freman-Thomas Junior Lord of Treasury Mr. J. M. Fuller Junior Lord of Treasury Mr. R. K. Causton Paymaster General Mr. Geo. Lambert Civil Lord of Admiralty Mr. Edward Robertson Secretary to Admiralty Mr. Herbert Samuel Under Home Secretary Mr. J. E. Ellis Under Secretary for India Mr. H. E. Kearley Secretary of Board of Trade Sir Jno. L. Walton Attorney-General Mr. Thos. Shaw Lord Advocate [239] A. Todd: _On Parliamentary Government in England_. [240] Chancellor of the Exchequer, 1886 and 1892-95. [241] At the election of 1906 Mr. Heaton received 2,210 votes, while his opponent received 1,262. [242] _The House of Commons Poll Book_, 1885-1906, issued by The Liberal Publication Department. [243] Composition of the House: Liberal and Labor Members, 428; Conservatives, 130; Liberal Unionists, 28; and Nationalists, 80. [244] _The Times_, March 17, 1906. [245] _Hansard's Parliamentary Debates._ [246] _Hansard's Parliamentary Debates_, March 6, 1906, p. 323 and following. [247] 281 in number. [248] _Hansard's Parliamentary Debates_, March 6, 1906. [249] _Hansard's Parliamentary Debates_, March 9, 1906, p. 847. CHAPTER XIV THE HOUSE OF COMMONS, UNDER PRESSURE FROM THE CIVIL SERVICE UNIONS, CURTAILS THE EXECUTIVE'S POWER TO DISMISS INCOMPETENT AND REDUNDANT EMPLOYEES The old practice of intervention by Members of Parliament on behalf of individual civil servants with political influence has given way to the new practice of intervention on behalf of the individual civil servant because he is a member of a civil service union. The new practice is the more insidious and dangerous one, for it means class bribery. The doctrine that entrance upon the State's service means "something very nearly approaching to a freehold provision for life." Official testimony of various prominent civil servants, especially of Mr. (now Lord) Welby, Permanent Secretary to the Treasury from 1885 to 1894; and Mr. T. H. Farrer, Permanent Secretary to Board of Trade from 1867 to 1886. The costly practice of giving pensions no solution of the problem of getting rid of unsatisfactory public servants. The difficulty of dismissing incompetent persons extends even to probationers. The cost of "reorganizing" incompetent persons out of the public service. [Sidenote: _Personal Bribery replaced by Class Bribery_]